IB Global Politics Paper 2 Questions With Complete Solutions, Graded A+

Realism - Attempts to explain the world as it is in reality - rather than describing the world as we would like it to be. This means that realism can sometimes be seen as ignoring the moral or ethical implications of a particular event such as a territorial conflict. Liberalism - Focuses on the way in which we live in a world characterised by interdependence between states, see us as living in an era characterised by great change occurring at a rapid pace. Just War Theory - Describes when it is okay to wage war 1. Just cause 2. Injustice suffered by one party must be worse than the other 3. Only duly constituted public authorities may wage war 4. Right intention (not for material gain) 5. Probability of success 6. Last resort 7. Proportionality Galtung's Conflict Triangle - Describes how underlying conflicts contribute to violence - Behaviors, attitudes, and contradictions - Conflict and violence Inter-state conflict - conflict between two or more actors Intra-state conflict - conflict within one actor Ideological conflict - a disagreement caused by differing beliefs Insurgency - a revolt or uprisingTerrorism - the unlawful use of violence/intimidation for political gains Structural violence - the use of a social structure to harm people Nuclear proliferation - the spread of nuclear weapons Nuclear deterrence - the use of nuclear weapons to deter attacks Collective security - the cooperation of multiple actors to strengthen each actor's security Jus ad bellum - law which justifies the transition from peace to armed force Jus in bello - law which governs the way warfare is conducted Positive peace - the complete restoration of political relationships and the creation of lasting social systems Negative peace - the absence of violence Equity - the quality of being fair and just Harmony - the quality of living peacefully and without fighting Power sharing - a system of governance where power is shared between different groups Uni/bi/multi-polarity - systems where one, two, or multiple states control the economic, military, and social spheresPeacemaking - stopping violent conflict, creating negative peace, stabilization Peacekeeping - the act of maintaining a truce between nations or groups Peacebuilding - the act of implementing measures in order to create peace