Criminology WJEC VERIFIED SOLUTIONS 100%

Criminology WJEC VERIFIED SOLUTIONS 100% Parliament Consists of the elected House of Commons, the unelecteterm-46d House of Lords and the Monarch. What stages does a Bill go through on its way to becoming law? Bill may start either in the Commons or the Lords. First reading Second reading (debate and vote) Committee Stage Report Stage (Committee reports to the House) Third reading (debate and vote) All of the above repeated in the other House. Royal Assent The Bill then becomes an Act of Parliament. Judicial Precedent Law made by judges. When deciding cases, judges must follow judgements in previous similar cases. Lower courts must follow higher courts. How was precedent from Donoghue v Stavenson (1932) followed in Daniels v White (1938)? Donoghue v Stevenson: Mrs Donoghue suffered nervous shock upon discovering a decomposed snail in her bottle of lemonade. The court decided that the manufacturer of the lemonade owed a "duty of care" to Mrs Donoghue. Daniels v White: A claimant suffered burning in the throat having drunk a bottle of lemonade which contained a corrosive substance. The ruling in Donoghue v Stevenson was applied, despite the slightly different facts. Statutory Interpretation Judges create law when they interpret the wording of statutes. Whitely v Chappell (1868) (an example of statutory interpretation) The defendant was charged with the offence of "impersonating any person entitled to vote". The defendant had pretended to be a person not on the electoral register because the person had died. The court held that the defendant was not guilty because dead people are not entitled to vote. What is the relationship between the following agencies of the criminal justice system? - Police - Ministry of Justice - HM Courts and Tribunals Service - Crown Prosecution Service - National Probation Service - Sentencing Council - Campaigns for change - Police: They work with the CPS to bring prosecutions. Police officers often give evidence in court. - Ministry of Justice: Oversees the work of the courts, probation and prison services. - HM Courts and Tribunals Service: Judges create law through judicial precedent and statutory interpretation. - Crown Prosecution Service: They advise the police on charging suspects. - National Probation Service: They liaise with the police if a prisoner needs to be recalled to prison. They oversee prisons who have been released on licence. - Sentencing Council: They work with the judiciary to produce guidelines for sentencing. - Campaigns for change: The Sarah's Law campaign liaised with the police to introduce the sex offenders disclosure scheme. The Bobby Turnbull anti-gun campaign liaised with the police in changing gun licensing. Presumption of innocence A person should be presumed innocent until proven guilty. How does the law support the due process model All interviews are now recorded. Suspects have a right to legal representation. PACE (Police and Criminal Evidence Act) Examples of cases investigated using the due process model Sion Jenkins: He had a right to an appeal and a retrial. Examples of areas of law that support the crime control model "Bad character" evidence can now be used, meaning that courts can consider previous convictions when considering a verdict. Removal of double jeopardy rules. Extended pre-charge detention for terrorist offences. Examples of crimes investigated using the crime control model Colin Stagg and Barry George: Arguably, the strong public reaction led to the demand for the case to be solved as quickly as possible. Internal forms of social control Rational Ideology: Your conscience or anxiety gives you feelings of guilt. Tradition: Religion or culture. Internalisation of social rules: Knowing what is right and wrong on social rules. External forms of social control Coercion (the use of force) Fear of punishment Individual and general deterrence Individual: Punishments imposed on offenders to prevent them committing future crimes. General: The fear of punishment which prevents others from committing crim