NR507 /NR 507 MIDTERM EXAM ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY 2024 EXAM 400 QUESTIONS WITH DETAILED VERIFIED ANSWERS AND RATIONALES /BRAND NEW!! /A+ GRADE ASSURED

what does long term exposure to irritants promote in bronchitis? (5) - ....ANSWER....- smooth muscle hypertrophy - hypertrophy and hyperplasia of goblet cells - epithelial cell metaplasia - migration of more WBC to site - thickening and rigidity of bronchial basement membrane What does smooth muscle hypertrophy do in lungs? - ....ANSWER....causes increased bronchoconstriction What are two anticholinergic drugs used for asthma - ....ANSWER....tiotropium and ipratropium What do anticholinergics do in the lungs? - ....ANSWER....These drugs block the effects of the parasympathetic nervous system - increasing bronchodilation Hypertrophy and hyperplasia of goblet cells do what in the bronchials - ....ANSWER....promotes hypersecretion of mucus What are characteristics of epithelial cell metaplasia? - ....ANSWER....squamous cells become nonciliated and are less protective; allow passage of toxins and WBCs What does the migration of WBCs to the bronchials do? - ....ANSWER....increases inflammation of the cite and causes fibrosis in the bronchial wall How does the thickening and rigidity of bronchial basement membranes effect the lungs? - ....ANSWER....leads to further narrowing of the bronchial passageways What acid-base disorder is seen in chronic bronchitis? - ....ANSWER....respiratory acidosis how does chronic bronchitis lead to respiratory acidosis? - ....ANSWER....hyperinflation of the alveoli causes CO2 retention Where does air enter the body? - ....ANSWER....naso and oropharynx (mouth and nose) blood cell formation Fetus- liver and spleen Adult- bone marrow - ...ANSWER...Hematopoiesis A condition in which the blood is deficient in red blood cells, in hemoglobin, or in total volume. - ...ANSWER...Anemia formation of red blood cells In kidney in response to hypoxia - ...ANSWER...Erythropoiesis Large RBC's, normal hemoglobin Folic acid or Vitamin B12 deficiency - ...ANSWER...macrocytic normochromic anemia small, abnormally shaped erythrocytes that are not able to carry normal hemoglobin Thalassemia- mediterranean - ...ANSWER...microcytic hypochromic anemia Characterized by red cells that are relatively normal in size and normal hemoglobin Aplastic, hemorrhagic, hemolytic, sickle cell - ...ANSWER...normocytic normochromic anemia anemia resulting when there is not enough iron to build hemoglobin for red blood cells Affects children, poverty, child bearing age - ...ANSWER...iron deficiency anemia red blood cells Most abundant cell in the body Responsible for tissue oxygenation Mitotic division- 100-120 days - ...ANSWER...Erythrocytes A genetic disorder in which erythroctyes take on an abnormal curved or "sickle" shape (Hb-s) - ...ANSWER...sickle cell anemia Inherited defect in the ability to produce hemoglobin, usually seen in persons of Mediterranean background. - ...ANSWER...Thalassemia Lack of mature erythrocytes caused by inability to absorb vitamin B12 into the bloodstream - ...ANSWER...pernicious anemia Characterized by an inadequate number of circulating red blood cells due to the premature destruction of red blood cells by the spleen Pancytopenia- reduction in all 3 types of blood cells (RBC, WBC, Plt) - ...ANSWER...hemolytic anemia Hormone secreted by the kidney to stimulate the production of red blood cells by bone marrow In response to hypoxia In the fetus the liver produces this - ...ANSWER...Erythropoietin (EPO) Iron-containing protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen for delivery to cells 4 molecules of O2 Made of polypeptide, heme, iron - ...ANSWER...Hemoglobin Iron def anemia is major cause after this Removal of stomach often leads to marked decrease in production of gastric acid. This acid is necessary to convert dietary iron to a form that is more readily absorbed by the duodenum - ...ANSWER...anemia due to gastrectomy Sickle cell disease, ABO or Rh incompatibility, drug induced - ...ANSWER...hemolytic anemia causes Atrovent & Spiriva both prevent the muscle bands around the airways from tightening thus reduce in exacerbation Albuterol is short acting - ...ANSWER...Anticholinergic drugs for asthma