Portage Learning Biod 152 exam 7

Portage Learning Biod 152 exam 7 True or false: the kidneys are long, muscular tubes false A person sustained blunt force trauma to the back at the L1 level, with no spinal cord injury. Would you suspect the kidneys to be damaged? Why or why not? yes, the kidneys lie between T12 and L3 describe the consistency and purpose of the renal adipose capsule outside of the renal capsule is a fatty layer that protects the kidney from trauma Name the layer and the parts of the nephrons located in the region highlighted in blue, below. located within the medulla are the loop of henle and the collecting duct sections of the nephrons these arteries feed the afferent arterioles interlobular After filtration occurs, next blood travels into these vessels. efferent arteriole which of the following is false about the location of the bladder? B- in females, the bladder is posterior to the uterus C- in females, the bladder is in between the rectum and the uterus Discuss two features of the bladder that allow for expansion. -the muscular wall stretches and thins allowing the bladder to store larger amounts of urine without a significant rise in internal pressure -rugae (folds in the bladder wall) also extend to help the capacity of the bladder internally an elderly male is unable to micturate. what is most likely causing the difficulty? urinary retention due to enlarged prostate this region of the male urethra exits the bladder prostatic what causes the extremely high blood pressure in the glomerular capillaries the difference in diameter Micturition can be controlled consciously because of: voluntary control of the external sphincter this is the pressure that depends upon a person's blood pressure from the heart and vessels hydrostatic pressure calculate the filtration pressure for your patient given the following values. capsular pressure = 13, colloid osmotic pressure= 27, hydrostatic pressure = 65, GFR= 110 HP- (COP +CP) =65 - (27-13) =65-40 =25 mmHg describe in detail what happens during an emergency to control the rate of blood to the kidney during these times the renal autoregulatory system is superseded by higher level nervous system controls. when the nervous system takes over regulation, the afferent arterioles diameter is narrowed by the sympathetic nerve fibers. the release of hormone epinephrine by the adrenal medulla causes a decrease in renal blood flow and decreases the GFR. constriction of the renal arteries is only to be used for a short time which of the following statements is true concerning the RAA system renin is released by the cells inside the nephron the greatest amount of _____ occurs in the PCT reabsorbtion true or false: in the loop of henle, water can leave the ascending limb but not the descending limb false which of the following is false concerning ADH When ADH is in circulation dilute urine is excreted. Does urea make the deep medulla region higher or lower osmolarity? Explain your answer. higher.. urea contributes to the high osmolarity of the deep medullary region. the concentration of urea is relatively high in the filtrate of the distal convoluted tubule and the cortex regions of the collecting ducts because the tubules in the cortex are impermeable to it. the medullary collecting duct regions are highly permeable to urea, so it diffuses out of the ducts and into the medullary interstitial fluid. in the medulla it contributes to the high osmolarity until its concentrations inside and outside the duct are equal describe the action of aldosterone on the concentrations of sodium and hydrogen in the filtrate sodium is removed from the filtrate while hydrogen is pumped inside the filtrate describe the action of alcohol in urinary output Alcohol is a type of diuretic that inhibits the release of ADH. which of the following is false concerning cardiovascular baroreceptors if blood volume rises, they cause constriction of the afferent arterioles which of the following is an abnormal solute in urine bile pigment Water in the body is primarily found in what body compartment? intracellular urine with a pH of 9 is out of range, alkaline the chemical buffer systems includes the bicarbonate, phosphate and protein systems. hypoventillation is a part of what control mechanism? explain what hypoventilation accomplishes it means that blood pH is rising, respiratory rate is slowing down to add CO2. part of the central nervous system what control mechanism can remove acids and bases from the body? renal control (kidneys) your patient was just admitted to the hospital with a panic attack. For the following questions, use the blood values of pH 8, PCO2 25, HCO3= 24 A- acidosis or alkalosis B-respiratory or metabolic C-compensated? D- what is happening in the body to cause this? A-alkalosis B-respiratory C-no D-hyperventilation from panic attack A person sustained blunt force trauma to the back at the T5 level, with no spinal cord injury. Would you suspect the kidneys to be damaged? Why or why not? no, the kidneys lie between the T 12 and L3 level describe the consistency and purpose of the renal capsule the renal capsule is a tough fibrous outer skin of the kidney which protects it from injury and infection Name the layer and discuss the purpose of its extensions in the region highlighted in blue, below. calyces; the calyces collect urine and drains it in the renal pelvis these arteries flow in between the renal pyramids interlobar interlobar veins converge to form the _____ arcuate veins Name the region in the diagram below, indicated by the red arrow. PCT (proximal convoluted tubule) which of the following is true about the location of the bladder in females, the bladder sits above the uterus describe the purpose of the urethral sphincters -the involuntary controlled internal urethral sphincter is located near the bladder and keeps the urethra closed to prevent urine from leaving the bladder -the voluntary controlled external urethral sphincter, composed of skeletal muscle, surrounds the urethra as it passes through the pelvic floor an elderly man with dementia frequently micturates at inappropriate times (during meals, not in the toilet). what is most likely causing this difficulty? incontinence due to end stage dementia this is the smallest region of the male urethra membranous describe the difference between the two types of nephrons -cortical nephrons are in the cortex region of the kidney, except for a portion of their loop of hele which extends into the medulla -the remaining nephrons, called juxtamedullary nephrons, pass deeply into the medulla because of their location and their longer loop of henle This is the blood pressure driving fluid out of the capillaries: hydrostatic pressure calculate the filtration pressure for your patient given the following values. show your work colloid osmotic pressure = 25 capsular pressure = 15 hydrostatic pressure = 50 GFR = 120 HP - (COP + capsular pressure) 50 - (25 + 15) = 10 mmHg describe in detail how the kidney controls its own rate of blood flow through the nephron this is called renal autoregulation because the kidney determines its own rate of blood flow by controlling the diameter of the afferent and efferent arterioles. by means of this autoregulatory system, the kidney can maintain a constant GFR despite variations in the arterial blood pressure in the rest of the body true or false: Na+ can leave the ascending limb but not the descending limb true what is countercurrent flow? how does the nephron use this to maintain homeostasis? the movement of fluids in opposite directions through adjacent channels. in the nephron, filtrate flows in one direction through the renal tubules while blood in the adjacent blood vessels flows in the opposite direction describe the action of aldosterone on the concentrations of sodium and potassium in the filtrate sodium is pumped out of the filtrate to be returned to the blood while potassium is excreted in the urine describe the action of caffeine on the nephron Caffeine is a diuretic that causes the renal tubules to increase in diameter, increasing the amount of flow through the tubules. which of the following is true concerning cardiovascular baroreceptors they are mechanoreceptors found in the aortic arch and the carotid sinus The yellow color of urine comes from the presence of: urochrome the bicarbonate buffer system is the main buffer system of interstitial fluid your patient was just admitted to the hospital with renal failure. for the following questions, use the blood values of: -pH 7.1 -PCO2 30 -HCO3 20 -acidosis or alkalosis -metabolic or respiratory -compensated -what is the body doing to compensate if so? A- acidosis B- metabolic C- yes D- hyperventilation to increase CO2 true or false: the bladder drains into the ureters False, urethra a person sustained blunt force trauma to the back at the T3 level, with no spinal cord injury. would you suspect the kidneys to be damaged? no, the kidneys lie between T 12 and L3 interlobar veins converge to form the: renal vein Name the region in the diagram below, indicated by the red arrow. loop of henle (thin descending) what causes the extremely high blood pressure in the glomerular capillaries? the afferent arteriole, which is fed by the interlobular artery, is much larger in diameter than the efferent arteriole. the difference in diameter causes an extremely high blood pressure in the glomerular capillaries this is the pressure that depends upon the amount of proteins in the filtrate colloid osmotic pressure which of the following is not reabsorbed in the PCT hydrogen ions which of the following is true concerning ADH It retains up to 99% of water in the filtrate. pus is an indication of infection urine with a pH of 5 is normal range; acidic The renal control mechanism depends on what two factors? -hydrogen ion secretion -conversion of bicarbonate