ALU 301 Exam Questions with 100% Correct Solutions, Rated A+

Mediators - Immune cells release proteins that mediate inflammation and in the destruction of agents foreign to the host (interferons, interleukins, and immunoglobulins) Two main parts of the immune system - 1) Innate Immune System 2) The Adaptive Immune System White blood cells of the innate immune system - 1) Monocytes 2) Granulocytes (Neutrophils, Eosinophils, Basophils) 3) Natural Killer (NK) Cells Two types of T-lymphocytes - 1) Cytotoxic T-cells 2) Helper T-cells What are the roles of the cytotoxic T-lymphocytes? - 1) Destroy or remove the infectious microorganism 2) Recognize altered host cells that have become malignant Polyclonal Gammopathy - A broad-based spike would be seen on serum protein electrophoresis (SPEP) testing.More than one clone of lymphocytes has been stimulated to produce different antibodies Monoclonal Gammopathy - SPEP results with narrow peak known as a spike. Corresponds to an elevated level of a single antibody Agammaglobulinemia - A disorder that can result from a number of abnormal genes Monocytes - They circulate in the blood and are one part of the WBC differential in a CBC. When the leave the blood circulation, they migrate into tissues and mature into macrophages Granulocytes - The most abundant WBC in the blood count differential. They circulate in the blood and concentrate at a site of infection when signaled by macrophages Natural Killer (NK) Cells - Can act on its own with receptors that recognize damaged cells. They are important for surveillance of cancerous and pre-cancerous cells. Cells of the adaptive immune system - Lymphocytes 5 Classes of Immunoglobulins - IgG, IgA, IgM, IgE, IgD The first antibody to be produced during an infection - IgM Type of immune cell that differentiates in the bone marrow - B-lymphocyte Which immune cell produces antibodies? - B-lymphocytes Three components of the innate immunity - 1) Physical Barriers 2) White Blood Cells 3) Natural Killers Granulocytes - 1) Neutrophils, 2) Eosinophils, 3) Basophils The Complement System - A group of about 30 blood proteins that may amplify the inflammatory response, enhance phagocytosis, or directly lyse extracellular pathogens. Cytokines - Enhance activation of immune cells Two types of Inflammatory Bowel Diseases - 1) Ulcerative Colitis 2) Crohn's Disease Three etiologies of Inflammatory Bowel Disease - 1) Genetic Predisposition 2) Unidentified Environmental Factors 3) Abnormality of the mucosal immune system