Earth & Space Science EHS Final Exam

Earth & Space Science EHS Final Exam Which of the following diagrams best shows the revolution of a planet? The following diagram shows the Moon at one position in its orbit around Earth. (The diagram is not drawn to scale.) Based on this diagram, which of the following statements is true? Locations A and C are experiencing high tides; locations B and D are experiencing low tides. What advantage does a reflecting telescope have over a refracting telescope? Each of the following diagrams shows a satellite in four different positions of its orbit around Earth. The satellites are divided into four sections (numbered 1-4); each section represents a different side of the satellite. Which diagram best represents a satellite that is tidally locked to Earth? The following diagram shows Earth at one position in its orbit around the sun. (The diagram is not drawn to scale.) Based on this diagram, at which location on Earth are tides least affected by the sun? C The following diagram shows the moon at one point in its orbit around Earth. (The diagram is not drawn to scale.)If only a quarter of the moon is visible from Earth, where might the sun be located? A or C only Given that electromagnetic waves generally travel at the same average speed, what is the relationship between wave frequency and wavelength in an electromagnetic wave? Electromagnetic waves that have a higher frequency have a shorter wavelength and vice versa. A student learns that a certain comet in the solar system is considered a long-period comet. Based on this knowledge, what is the student most justified in concluding? The comet originates in the Oort cloud Which of the following models accurately describes the view of the solar system first developed by the Greeks? planets rotate around the earth Where in the solar system is the Kuiper belt located? beyond C Which answer best explains how most scientists think that planets form? A rotating cloud of space dust and gases begins to flatten and condense, forming a new star; the remaining matter forms an accretionary disc around the star, gradually coalescing to form planets. How do astronomers find planets in other solar systems? They monitor the pattern of movement and light from a star. What marks the edge of the solar system? the heliopause Where in the solar system are the most asteroids located? between A and B Through what process did the planets form? accretion According to scientists, the sun will last forever. False What discovery led Edwin Hubble to conclude that the universe is expanding? The color shift spectrum for a galaxy is almost always shifted to the red. A space telescope captures an image of billions of stars revolving around a central location. Which of the following best describes what the telescope has found? How does cosmic microwave background radiation (CMB) provide evidence for the big bang theory? CMB is a form of energy that fills the universe uniformly, with only slight variations in temperature. This indicates that the energy was released all at once. Scientists once hypothesized that the universe has always existed in its current state, with a constant average density. Does the big bang theory support this hypothesis? No. According to the big bang theory, the universe is expanding from its origin as an infinitely dense point. In which section of the following Hertzsprung-Russell (H-R) diagram is the sun plotted? C Uniformitarianism states that processes that occurred in the past operate in the same way as they do in the present. Uranium-238 (U-238) has a half-life of 4.47 × 109 years. Which of the following is a likely application of U-238? Which of the following was the most significant contributor to the formation of Earth's early atmosphere? volcanic degassing Why is the Hadean eon not technically considered to be a geologic time period? The Hadean eon describes the time before Earth was formed. A rock unit contains rounded, gravel-sized rocks in a fine-grained sediment matrix. Which formed first, the rocks or the matrix? the matrix In which way is carbon-14 similar to nitrogen-14? They both have the same mass number. The average rate of extinction prior to the existence of humans was about 10 to 100 species per year. Scientists estimate that 27,000 species are currently going extinct each year from tropical forest destruction alone. This is compounded by destruction of other habitats, pollution, hunting, and other human-caused effects, as well as the increased rate of global warming due to air pollution. If these trends continue, which of the following would best describe the likely result? a mass extinction that may one day mark the end of the Quaternary period Which of the following can help reduce the need to drill for oil in sensitive ecosystems? reducing, reusing, and recycling plastics Which process best describes how the Global Positioning System (GPS) could be used to measure movements along a fault? placing GPS transmitters on either side of the fault and measuring changes in position A student learns that the temperature at a location 10 km beneath Earth's surface is approximately 250°C. He concludes that the temperature at a location 20 km beneath Earth's surface is approximately 275°C. Is his conclusion justified? No, the temperature increases by approximately 25°C every 1 km beneath Earth's surface. Therefore, the student should conclude that the temperature at this location is approximately 500°C In order to piece together Earth's magnetic history, geologists use data from both of the given answers (rock units on land & ocean crust) How might a scientist study past atmospheric conditions? air bubbles trapped in ice What do the contour lines on a topographic map represent? elevation Why does the amount of oceanic crust in a tectonic plate change over time? Oceanic crust is continually recycled into the mantle and re-formed at mid-ocean ridges. Why is it important to know magnetic declination when navigating by compass and a map? The compass will point in a slightly different direction than true north. Why do scientists divide Earth's core into an outer core and an inner core? They exist in different states of matter. Does magnetic north always point in the same direction as geographic north? No; Earth's magnetic north pole isn't located at the geographic north pole. The Mid-Atlantic ridge is a type of All of the listed answers are correct Which of the following predictions about the crust at location A is most likely correct? The mesophere shares a boundary with the asthenosphere and the outer core Which statement best describes why scientists cannot study Earth's inner core directly? It is too deep inside Earth to reach by drilling. One type of sedimentary rock is _____. chert Intrusive igneous rocks are characterized by grain size What is the name of the cycle that describes how rock changes over time between sedimentary, igneous, and metamorphic forms? the rock cycle Intrusive igneous rocks are different from extrusive igneous rocks in that they generally cool and turn solid much more slowly Sediments of many different sizes are deposited in a river. Which of the following grain sizes is most likely to be transported the greatest distance and for the longest time by the river water?