NR 507 COMPLETE STUDY REVIEWS

NR 507 COMPLETE STUDY REVIEWS The only way for a hormone to work is through the blood stream. - CORRECT ANSWER-False. The endocrine cell can also secrete hormones that target cells directly close it. When this occurs, this type of secretion is known as paracrine signaling. Lipid-derived hormones cross the cell membrane and bind to receptors in the cell's cytoplasm - CORRECT ANSWER-True. This statement is true. Lipid-derived hormones cross the cell membrane and bind to receptors in the cell's cytoplasm. The anterior lobe of the pituitary produces its own hormones - CORRECT ANSWERTrue. This statement is true. The anterior lobe of the pituitary produces its own hormones To be considered a lipid hormone, it must be bound to a protein and it must bind to receptors inside the cell membrane - CORRECT ANSWER-False. It must be bound to a protein and it bind to receptors on the cell membrane rather than inside the cell membrane. The pineal gland is responsible for regulating the sleep-wake cycle - CORRECT ANSWER-True. The posterior lobe of the pituitary produces its own hormones - CORRECT ANSWERFalse. The posterior pituitary receives its hormones (oxytocin and ADH) from the hypothalamus. The anterior pituitary produces its own hormones. Aldosterone promotes sodium reabsorption and potassium excretion in the kidneys. - CORRECT ANSWER-This statement is true. Hyperthyroidism - CORRECT ANSWER-Elevated Thyroid Hormone Suppressed TSH Enlarged liver Hand tremors Hypothyroidism - CORRECT ANSWER-Decreased thyroid hormone and Elevated TSH Fatigue Diminished deep tendon reflexes Type 1 DM - CORRECT ANSWER-Onset 110-20 years Associated with diabetic ketoacidosis Symptoms: polyuria, polyphagia, polydipsia Autoimmune:Genetic and environmental factors, resulting in gradual process of autoimmune destruction in genetically susceptible individuals Nonautoimmune:Unknown Strong association with HLA-DQA and HLA-DQB genes acute complications: Diabetic ketoacidosis Type 2 DM - CORRECT ANSWER-Usually 40 years of age Associated with hyperosmolar nonketotic coma Symptoms: weakness, weight loss, infections Results from genetic susceptibility (polygenic) combined with environmental determinants and other risk factors Inherited defects in beta-cell mass and function combined with peripheral tissue insulin resistance Associated with long-duration obesity strong genetic association Acute complications: Hyperosmolar nonketotic coma alpha cells - CORRECT ANSWER-responsible for secreting glucagon beta cells - CORRECT ANSWER-responsible for secreting insulin and amylin inhibits glucagon secretion delta cells - CORRECT ANSWER-responsible for secreting gastrin and somatostatin F (PP) Cells - CORRECT ANSWER-secrete pancreatic polypeptide that stimulates gastric secretions and antagonizes cholecystokinin. Criteria to diagnose Diabetes Type 1 and 2 - CORRECT ANSWER-FPG ≥126 mg/dL (7.0 mmol/L). Fasting is defined as no caloric intake for at least 8 h* OR 2-h PG ≥200 mg/dL (11.1 mmol/L) during OGTT. The test should be performed as described by the WHO, using a glucose load containing the equivalent of 75 g anhydrous glucose dissolved in water* OR A1C ≥6.5% (48 mmol/mol). The test should be performed in a laboratory using a method that is NGSP certified and standardized to the DCCT assay* OR In a patient with classic symptoms of hyperglycemia or hyperglycemic crisis, a random plasma glucose ≥200 mg/dL (11.1 mmol/L) *In the absence of unequivocal hyperglycemia, diagnosis requires two abnormal test results from the same sample or in two separate test samples pre-screening for DM - CORRECT ANSWER-HbA1c (as measured in a DCCTreferenced assay) ≥6.5% OR FPG ≥126 mg/dL (7.0 mmol/L); fasting is defined as no caloric intake for at least 8 hr. OR 2-hr plasma glucose ≥200 mg/dL (11.1 mmol/L) during an OGTT OR In a patient with classic symptoms of hyperglycemia or hyperglycemic crisis, a random plasma glucose ≥200 mg/dL (11.1 mmol/L) Categories of Increased Risk for Diabetes (Prediabetes) - CORRECT ANSWER-1. FPG 100 to 125 mg/dL 2. 2-hr PG in the range of 140 to 199 mg/dL during an OGTT 3. HbA1c 5.7% to 6.4% Symptoms of hypoglycemia can result from activation of the sympathetic nervous system to cause neurogenic reactions that occur when the blood glucose drops rapidly: - CORRECT ANSWER-Tachycardia Palpitations Diaphoresis Tremors Pallor Arousal anxiety Other symptoms include: Headache Dizziness Blurred vision Irritability Fatigue Poor judgement Confusion Hunger Seizures