Intro to Immunology: Exam 1 Latest Complete Solution Guide.

Innate Immunity - correct answer a type of immunity also known as natural or native immunity; it provides the early line of defense against microbes, consisting of physical and chemical barriers, phagocytic cells, natural killer cells, blood proteins/complement system, and cytokines; it is not antigen specific and responds to a broad class of related structures (germline encoded receptors) Cytokines - correct answer proteins in the blood plasma that regulate and coordi9nate many activities of cellular innate immunity Adaptive Immunity - correct answer a type of immunity also known as specific or acquired immunity; comprised mainly of lymphocytes and their secreted products such as antibodies; protective responses are "acquired" by experience of infection Humoral Immunity - correct answer a type of adaptive immune response mediated by molecules in the blood and mucosal secretions, called antibodies, that are produced by B lymphocytes Cell-Mediated Immunity - correct answer a type of immunity also called cellular immunity, is mediated by T lymphocytes, which promote the destruction of microbes residing in phagocytes or the killing of infected cells to eliminate reservoirs of infection Active Immunity - correct answer a type of protective immunity induced by a host's response to the microbe or by the transfer of antibodies or lymphocyetes specific for that microbes; induced by exposure to a foreign antigen, as individual plays an active role in responding to the antigen Passive Immunity - correct answer a type of immunity wherein a person is immunized by the serum of another immunized individual, fighting an infection for a short period of time but not creating memory for the antigens Specificity - correct answer a cardinal feature of the Adaptive Immune Response that ensures that distinct antigens elicit specific responses Diversity - correct answer a cardinal feature of the adaptive immune response that enables the immune system to respond to a large variety of antigens Memory - correct answer a cardinal feature of the adaptive immune response that leads to enhanced responses to repeated exposures to the same antigens Clonal Expansion - correct answer a cardinal feature of the adaptive immune response that increases the number of antigen-specific lymphocytes to keep pace with microbes; amplification of only USEFUL subsets of cells from within a vast repertoire of potential responders (T and B Cells) Specialization - correct answer a cardinal feature of the adaptive immune response that generates responses that are optimal for defense against different types of microbes Contraction and Homeostasis - correct answer a cardinal feature of the adaptive immune response that allows the immune system to respond to newly encountered antigens Nonreactivity to Self - correct answer a cardinal feature of the adaptive immune response that prevents injury to the host during responses to foreign antigens B Lymphocyte - correct answer a type of lymphocyte capable of producing antibodies when exposed to microbes; neutralizes microbes by attaching antibodies to antigens and encourages phagocytosis, also involved in complement activation Helper T Lymphocyte - correct answer a type of lymphocyte that recognize antigens on the surfaces of APC's and secrete cytokines, which stimulate different mechanisms of immunity and inflammation; activates macrophages and proliferation and differentiation of T and B lymphocytes Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes - correct answer a type of lymphocytes that recognize microbial antigens on infected cells (self) and kill them; also known as CTL Regulatory T Lymphocyte - correct answer a type of lymphocyte that suppress and prevent immune response to self antigens Natural Killer Cells - correct answer a type of cell that use receptors with more limited diversity than the T or B cell anigen receptors to recognize and kill targets, such as infected cells; kill nucleated host cells which give indication of viral infeciton by virtue of reduced MHC class I expression, or activate macrophages Antigen-Presenting Cells - correct answer the cells that are required for for the initiation and development of adaptive immune response; cells are captured and antigens are displayed to specific lymphocytes Effector Cells - correct answer cells that mediate the final effect of the immune response, or antigen elimination and ultimately, getting rid of the microbe Macrophages - correct answer a type of leukocyte that express receptors that bind to and ingest microbes and other receptors that recognize different microbial molecules and activate the cells Activated Macrophages - correct answer a type leukocyte in its activated form, it produces reactive oxygen and lysosomal enzymes, destroying ingested microbes; and also secretes cytokines that recruit other leukocytes such as neutrophils Complement Proteins - correct answer a part of the early innate immune response and members of the complement system; these are directly activated by microbial surfaces resulting in the generation of cleavage products that stimulate inflammation, coat microbes for enhanced phagocytosis, and create holes in the microbial cell membrane, leading to lysis Dendritic Cells - correct answer antigen-presenting cell that display microbial peptides to naive CD4 and CD8 T lymphocytes and initiate adaptive immune responses to protein antigens self - correct answer the term used for structures which are normally found on a host organism non-self - correct answer the term given to any foreign macromolecule (or part thereof) Immunological Memory - corre