Immunology Study Guide With Correct Answers.

What is immunology? - correct answer The study of an organism's immune system - specifically how it defends the organism against infection and how it responds to/consequences of incorrect immune responses. What is innate immunity? - correct answer A set of mechanisms (present from origin) present at all times in all individuals (constant). Mechanisms lead to the recognition and response to the presence of a pathogen. - NON SPECIFIC! What is acquired/adaptive immunity? - correct answer A SPECIFIC immune response mediated by antigen-specific lymphocytes toward a specific antigen. (associated with immunologic memory) What is an antigen? - correct answer Any molecule which can bind specifically to an antibody What is an immunogen? - correct answer Any antigen which can induce antibody production "Antibody Generators" What is an antibody? - correct answer A protein which is produced by plasma cells in response to infection or immunization which binds specifically to its corresponding antigen. What is meant by an immunoglobulin? - correct answer Immunoglobulin is a general name for antibody because they all have the same overall structure where are antibodies found? - correct answer In clear, yellowish fluid in blood (SERUM). What are the two arms of acquired immunity? - correct answer - cell mediated immunity -humoral immunity What is humoral immunity? What type of cells does it use? - correct answer The immune response raised to eliminate extracellular pathogens (uses antibodies) It is mediated by B cells and T helper cells What is cell mediated immunity? What type of cells does it use? - correct answer -The immune response raised to eliminate abnormal cells and intracellular pathogens -It uses cytotoxic T cells. What is a lymphocyte? - correct answer a type of white blood cell involved in the immune response What is a plasma cell & what are they responsible for? - correct answer A differentiated B lymphocyte responsible for antibody production. What is a B memory cell & what do they do? - correct answer A differentiated B lymphocyte that remembers specific antigens What is a Cytotoxic T cell? - correct answer A cell ivoloved in cell mediated immunity. What does a cytotoxic T cell do? - correct answer - Ingests/destroys cells - They recognises foreign antigens on cell surfaces What are helper T cells - correct answer Activated B cells used in humoral immunity. They recognise foreign antigens presented by macrophages. What is a macrophage? - correct answer A phagocytic cell that Engulf/Digests antigens. They take up the antigen and present it to B cells, activating them to become helper T cells. What are memory T cells? - correct answer Cells that remember specific antigens. What type of cells can present antigens to the immune system? - correct answer Dendritic cells, macrophages, B cells. What signals that a cell is self? - correct answer The MHC1 complex What complex is found on only antigen presenting cells? - correct answer The MHC2 complex. How is the MHC complex useful? - correct answer It is recognised by receptors on T heper cells which triggers a cascade of reactions that lead to development of an effective immune response. How do levels of antibodies compare to individuals that have come into contact with an antigen for the first time as compared to individuals who have been exposed prior? - correct answer There will be greater levels of antibodies produced in individuals who have came into contact with that specific antigen before. This way the antigen is taken care of much more efficiently. What are the two types of memory cells? - correct answer memory T and B cells What are some key points to remember about memory cells? - correct answer - Long lived cells which have seen a given antigen - if they see the same antigen again they can rapidly spring into action - start fast & EFFECTIVE immune response What affects resistance/susceptibility - correct answer Primary defences, Innate immunity and adaptive immune responses genetic factors physiological factors What is protective immunity? - correct answer Protection against disease upon exposure to a fully virulent pathogen. comment on the level of affected cells and shedding of the virus in an individual who has protective immunity - correct answer the individual remains healthy - there are few infected cells - there is low shedding of the virus What factors affect whether a vaccine fails? (3) - correct answer Vaccines can fail due to -Vaccine factors • Poor vaccine • Improper handling/storage (cold chain) • Improper administration (route/dose) -Host factors • Vaccination during an incubation period (a period when the animal is infected but doesn't show clinical signs yet) • Poor health or nutrition status (unable to evoke good strong immune responses) • Maternal antibody interference (may have been too young, maternal antibodies interfere with development of antibodies) • Genetic differences -Viral factors • Serotype of the challenging virus is different from the one in the vaccine (some viruses are more stable than others) What are the three types of vaccine strategies? - correct answer -Live vaccines -Killed vaccines -DNA Vaccines What are the three types of live vaccine strategies? - correct answer •Attenuated pathogens - weakened Evoke immune responses but do not cause th