WGU D236 Patho-Study Guides 2024 Graded A

What is the primary determinant of oncotic pressure? - Albumin Form of osmotic pressure exerted by proteins - Oncotic Pressure What is the difference between adult and child immunity? - Naive T Cells Fluid and electrolyte levels are regulated by _________________, which regulates actions such as thirst, ADH, the kidneys, and RAAS. - Osmoreceptors What are the causes of dehydration? - #Excessive loss #Inadequate intake #Both What s/sx are associated with dehydration? - #Dry mucous membranes #Decreased skin turgor #Decreased urine output #Low blood pressure #Tachycardia #Weak heart rate #Confusion A patient with a viral illness and severe vomiting has an elevated CO2 level and pH of 7.53. She is breathing slowly. What condition does she have? - Metabolic alkalosis The patient's pH and CO2 levels are both elevated (moving in the same direction). This indicates metabolic alkalosis. The CO2 level is high because her respiratory system is attempting to compensate for the high pH by exhaling less and retaining more CO2. Normal CO2 level - 35-45 Normal pH level - 7.35-7.45 Normal HCO3 level - 22-26 Michael's pulmonary edema leads to respiratory acidosis. How does pH impact Michael's basal metabolic panel? Choose 3 answers. His CO2 level is increased because his lungs have difficulty removing it from the bloodstream. His calcium level is reduced because the elevated concentration of H+ makes it easier for Ca+ to bind to albumin. His CO2 level is decreased because his lungs have difficulty adding it into the bloodstream. His sodium level is decreased due to hypervolemia. His K+ is elevated because, as H+ moves inside of cells in an attempt to get it out of the bloodstream, K+ moves from cells into the bloodstream. - His CO2 level is increased because his lungs have difficulty removing it from the bloodstream. His sodium level is decreased due to hypervolemia. His K+ is elevated because, as H+ moves inside of cells in an attempt to get it out of the bloodstream, K+ moves from cells into the bloodstream. A hormone panel was done on a patient with congestive heart failure and fluid volume overload. Which elevated hormone on the patient's chart is indicative of the body's attempt to reduce the fluid overload? Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) Brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) Aldosterone Renin - BNP BNP is released when fluid volume excess is present. Normal sodium level - 135-145 Hyponatremia is indicated by what lab result? S/Sx? - Na 135 Loss of energy or fatigue Nausea and vomiting Headache Confusion Muscle spasms Low blood pressure Dark scanty urine Irritability, disorientation and neurological manifestations Seizures Hypernatremia is indicated by what lab result? S/Sx - Na 145 Excessive thirst Extreme fatigue Confusion Muscle twitching or spasms Restlessness Seizures Normal potassium level - 3.5-5.0 Hypokalemia is indicated by what lab result? S/Sx - K 3.5 #Muscle fatigue/cramping #Nausea, vomiting, constipation #Cardiac dysrhythmias #Paresthesia (numbness/tingling) Hyperkalemia is indicated by what lab result? S/Sx? - K 5.0 Muscle weakness/paralysis Paresthesia (numbness/tingling) Cardiac dysrhythmias Cardiac arrest/MI Normal calcium level - 8.5-10.5 Hypocalcemia is indicated by what lab result? S/Sx? - Calcium 8.5 Overexcitability of the muscles Muscle twitching Paresthesia (numbness/tingling) Chvostek and Trousseau sign (twitching on the cheek when touched) Cardiac dysrhythmias Hypercalcemia is indicated by what lab result? S/Sx? - Calcium 10.5 Muscle weakness Loss of muscle tone Spontaneous fractures Kidney stones Cardiac dysrhythmias Normal magnesium level - 1.6-2.6 Hypomagnesemia is indicated by what lab result? S/Sx? - Magnesium level 1.6