Mmsc 490 Final Exam Questions With 100% Correct

MMSC 490 FINAL EXAM QUESTIONS WITH 100% CORRECT nuclear receptor superfamily - Answer ️️ -Intracellular receptors for hydrophobic signal molecules such as steroids and retinoid acid. The receptor-ligand complex acts as a transcription factor in the nucleus Zinc fingers and Leucine zippers: - Answer ️️ -are configurations of DNA binding proteins nitric oxide - Answer ️️ -- paracrine signaling molecule cause it has unstable w/ a short half- life - comes from arginine - stimulates cGMP peptide signaling molecules - Answer ️️ -peptide hormones, neuropeptides, polypeptide growth factors NGF - Answer ️️ -nerve growth factor: supports survivial of neurons EGF - Answer ️️ -epidermal growth factor: supports cell proliferation PDGF (platelet derived growth factor) - Answer ️️ -stored in platelets and is released during clotting Cytokines - Answer ️️ -regulate development and differentiation of blood cells and activities of lymphocytes during the immune response (fibroblasts) membrane-anchored growth factors - Answer ️️ -remain with the plasma membrane and function as signaling molecules in direct cell-cell interactions Eicosanoids - Answer ️️ -comes from arachidonic acid; lipid signaling molecules, inhibition of synthesis reduces pain/inflammation COX1 - Answer ️️ -"Good" COX; provides gastric protection, maintenance of renal function, platelet aggregation; inhibition causes gastric ulceration, bleeding tendencies, and renal impairment COX2 - Answer ️️ -"Bad" COX; mediates inflammation, pain perception, mediates fever; inhibition decreases inflammation, pain and fever; may stimulate cancer formation and progression intracellular signal transduction - Answer ️️ -surface receptors regulate intracellular enzymes, which then transmit signals from the receptor to a series of additional intracellular targets. ligand binding - Answer ️️ -To communicate signal from outside to inside the cell Same signal can bind to diff receptors and affect diff responses in diff cell types Induces conformational change in receptor beta and gamma subunits - Answer ️️ -Regulatory subunits of large G-proteins Released from the G alpha subunit when G alpha is GTP bound alpha subunit - Answer ️️ -- chain initiation - interaction with regulatory proteins and upstream promoter elements G protein receptors and the heart - Answer ️️ -the heart has acetylcholine recetors that are G protein coupled. Betagamma subunit opens potassium channels to slow heart contraction. What happens when cAMP is increased - Answer ️️ -1. transcription of genes with cAMP response elements 2. phosphorylation transcription factor CREB recruits coactivators 3. cAMP inducible gene expression cGMP (2nd messenger) - Answer ️️ -- formed from GTP (guanylyl cyclases) and degraded to GMP - rhosopsin activation- lowers cGMP by activating transducin) - blood vessel dilation SH2 domain - Answer ️️ -A protein domain that binds phosphorylated tyrosine residues. JAK-STAT pathway - Answer ️️ -targets STAT proteins and binds to phosphotyrosine sites on receptors (STAT/SH2) autophosphorylation - Answer ️️ -the process by which one molecule of the tyrosine kinase receptor dimer phosphorylates its partner Src family kinases - Answer ️️ -A family of tyrosine kinase critically important in the early stages of signaling pathways in many cell types, including lymphocytes. MAP kinase pathway - Answer ️️ -A series of kinases that are triggered by activated GTP- bound Ras; the final kinase enters the nucleus, where it phosphorylates its target proteins. growth factor stimulation - Answer ️️ -rapid transcription of immediate-early genes, mediated by serum response element and recognized by SRF(factor) and Elk-1 Specificity of MAPK signaling by scaffold proteins mTOR pathway - Answer ️️ -Growth factor binds to receptor, autophosph of tyrosine residues -- PI3K activated -- protein kinase B aka Akt activated -- activation of mTOR -- translocation to nucleus and gene transcription PI3 kinase pathway - Answer ️️ -leads to activation of Act kinase -primarily involved in cell survival phospholipase C/ Calcium pathway - Answer ️️ -produces DAG to activate protein ki