MI 1.6-1.9 Quiz Study Guide Proctored Exam.

Nucleoid - correct answer A non-membrane-bounded region in a prokaryotic cell where the DNA is concentrated. Plasmid - correct answer small, circular piece of DNA located in the cytoplasm of many bacteria Ribosomes - correct answer site of protein synthesis Cell Wall - correct answer A rigid structure that surrounds the cell membrane and provides support to the cell Plasma Membrane - correct answer a microscopic membrane of lipids and proteins that forms the external boundary of a cell and that regulates the passage of molecules in and out of the cytoplasm. Capsule - correct answer A sticky layer that surrounds the cell walls of some bacteria, protecting the cell surface and sometimes helping to glue the cell to surfaces. Flagella - correct answer A long, whip-like filament that helps in cell motility. Pilli - correct answer Short, hair-like protein structures used to help bacteria adhere to host cells; also used to transfer genetic material from one bacterium to another Endotoxin - correct answer a toxin that is present inside a gram-negative bacterial cell and is released when the cell disintegrates Penicillin - correct answer Inhibits cell wall synthesis. Blocks formation of peptide bridges between strands of peptidoglycan. Tetracycline - correct answer Block attachment of tRNA to ribosome. Prevents protein synthesis. Fluoroquinolone - correct answer Inhibits topoisomerase enzymes. Chromosomal DNA uncoils. Sulfonamide - correct answer Competes for the enzyme involved with folic acid biosynthesis. (Bacteria use folic acid to make DNA) Mutation - correct answer DNA changes spontaneously and alters the target of the antibiotic which makes the antibiotic no longer effective. Destruction/Inactivation - correct answer Bacteria possesses genes that produce enzymes which "kill" the antibiotic before it can reach its target. Efflux - correct answer Pump expels the antibiotic before it can be effective Conjugation - correct answer Sex pilus bridge forms between bacterial cells and plasmid DNA is transferred Transformation - correct answer Bacteria cell dies and releases "naked DNA" that other bacteria cells can absorb Transduction - correct answer Virus infects bacteria cell and incorpores bacterial DNA into its own. Bacteria cell dies and virus moves on to another