Pulmonology Exam with Verified Solutions

Surfactant - a mixture of protein and fats that lines the alveoli and prevents the tissues from sticking together and collapsing during exhalation Diaphragm - a broad, dome-shaped muscle used for breathing; separates the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities Paranasal sinuses - hollow, air-filled cavities in the skull and facial bones; lighten the weight of the skull and increase the tone, or resonance, of speech Respiratory arrest - when breathing completely stops Expiration - exhalation Inspiration - inhalation Hypercapnia - excessive carbon dioxide in the blood Intercostal muscles - muscles between the ribs Accessory muscle - The secondary muscles of respiration. They include the neck muscles (sternocleidomastoids), the chest pectoralis major muscles, and the abdominal muscles. Apnea - absence of breathing Hypoxemia - decreased level of oxygen in the blood Bradypnea - slow breathing Orthopnea - ability to breathe easily only in an upright position Hyperpnea - excessive breathing Wheezing - High pitched sound heard in the lungs with asthmatics or lung disease Corticosteriods - a group of steroid hormones produced in the body or given as medications Productive cough - cough with spitting of material from the bronchi Bronchodilator - relaxes bronchial passageways Antipyretic - reduces fever Analgesic - drug that relieves pain Thoracentesis - surgical puncture to remove fluid from the pleural space