BIO 210 LECTURE UNIT 2 EXAM | QUESTIONS & ANSWERS (VERIFIED) | LATEST UPDATE | GRADED A+

1 BIO 210 LECTURE UNIT 2 EXAM | QUESTIONS & ANSWERS (VERIFIED) | LATEST UPDATE | GRADED A+ what tissue types make up the integument? Correct Answer: connective, epithelial, muscle (arrector pili), nervous (merkle cells) another term for integument Correct Answer: cutaneous membrane study of skin: Correct Answer: dermatology subcutaneous layer Correct Answer: aka hypodermis, connective and adipose tissue layer just under the dermis thin skin Correct Answer: covers most of the body thick skin Correct Answer: Covers the palms of the hands and soles of the feet 2 Has five layers of keratinocytes melanin Correct Answer: A pigment that gives the skin its color and protects from UV exposure nevus Correct Answer: mole freckles Correct Answer: flat, melanized patches capillary hemangioma Correct Answer: a soft, raised, pink, or red vascular birthmark cavernous hemangioma Correct Answer: collection of blood, the most common benign tumor lines of cleavage Correct Answer: collagen organized in parallel lines in body, cuts in surgery are usually made parallel to these lines to help healing striae 3 Correct Answer: Stretch marks; Linear dermal scars that affects skin that is subjected to continuous stretching; vasoconstriction Correct Answer: narrowing of blood vessels vasodilation Correct Answer: widening of blood vessels integumentary structures derived from epidermis Correct Answer: nails, hair, exocrine glands of the skin Where is hair not found? Correct Answer: palms, soles, lips terminal hair Correct Answer: coarse, long hair of eyebrows, scalp, axillary, and pubic regions vellus hair Correct Answer: pale, fine body hair of children and adult females Lanugo hair 4 Correct Answer: also known as Vellus Hair, is the soft, white and downy hair found on the body; usually lacking a medulla merocrine sweat glands Correct Answer: coiled tubular glands that discharge their secretions directly onto the surface of the skin telogen phase Correct Answer: the final growth phase in which hair naturally falls out of the skin apocrine sweat glands Correct Answer: Found in armpits, around nipples, and groin; Secrete products into hair follicles; Produce sticky, cloudy secretions; Break down and cause odors; sebaceous glands Correct Answer: secrete sebum (oil) into the hair follicles where the hair shafts pass through the dermis Cerumenious glands Correct Answer: secrete earwax in ear canal Cholecalciferol Correct Answer: Vitamin D3 5 Produced by epidermal cells in the presence of UV radiation. Is transformed to CALCIDIOL in the LIVER Calcidiol Correct Answer: modified in the liver into another inactive form of vitamin D Calcitrol Correct Answer: active form of vitamin D transformed in kidney What does calcitriol do? Correct Answer: stimulates parathyroid hormone parathyroid hormone (PTH) Correct Answer: increases blood calcium levels; stimulates kidneys & intestines to absorb more calcium; breaks down bones epidermial dendritic cells Correct Answer: located in stratum spinosum; immune cells Regeneration Correct Answer: The ability to regrow a missing part of the body fibrosis (scarring) 6 Correct Answer: replacement of lost tissue components with fibrous connective tissue, loses some functionality basal cell carcinoma Correct Answer: Most common and least severe type of skin cancer; often characterized by light or pearly nodules. squamous cell carcinoma Correct Answer: Type of skin cancer more serious than basal cell carcinoma; often characterized by scaly red papules or nodules. malignant melanoma Correct Answer: Most serious form of skin cancer; often characterized by black or dark brown patches on the skin that may appear uneven in texture, jagged, or raised. What are changes to aging skin? Correct Answer: wrinkles, less immunity, less hair, increased skin cancer risk first degree burn Correct Answer: A mild burn characterized by heat, pain, and reddening of the burned surface but not exhibiting blistering or charring of tissues. second degree burn 7 Correct Answer: A burn marked by pain, blistering, and superficial destruction of dermis with edema and hyperemia of the tissues beneath the burn. third degree burn (full thickness) Correct Answer: a burn involving all layers of the skin; characterized by the destruction of the epidermis and dermis, with damage or destruction of subcutaneous tissue rule of nines Correct Answer: A system that assigns percentages to sections of the body, allowing calculation of the amount of skin surface involved in the burn area. components of skeletal system Correct Answer: bone, cartilage, tendons, ligaments Hemopoiesis Correct Answer: production of blood cells Erthropoeisis Correct Answer: production of red blood cells Erythropoietin (EPO) Correct Answer: hormone secreted by the kidneys; stimulates red blood cell formation 8 Long bones Correct Answer: longer than they are wide short bones Correct Answer: carpals, tarsals flat bones Correct Answer: skull, ribs, sternum irregular bones Correct Answer: vertebrae and facial bones Parts of a long bone Correct Answer: diaphysis, epiphyses, metaphyses, articular cartilage, periosteum, medullary cavity, endosteum Parts of a Flat Bone Correct Answer: Inner and outer tables (Bone Sandwich) Diploe. Covered with periosteum. Lined with Endosteum. Cancellous bone filled with red marrow, even into adulthood. Can be used diagnostically--test for leukemia.Also differ in proportion of 2 different types of bone tissue.Compact Dense & solid looking. Diploe 9 Correct Answer: spongy bone in flat bones blood supply in bones Correct Answer: -bone is a dynamic tissue that responds to stress -very vascularized --> blood vessels enter compact bone via central canals (nutrient foramen) yellow bone marrow Correct Answer: fatty tissue found in the medullary cavity of most adult long bones red bone marrow Correct Answer: found in cancellous bone; site of hematopoiesis bone cells Correct Answer: osteoblasts osteocytes osteoclasts osteoprogenitor cells Osteoblasts Correct Answer: bone forming cells osteoclasts 10 Correct Answer: Bone-destroying cells osteoprogenitor cells Correct Answer: stem cells derived from mesenchyme Osteocytes Correct Answer: mature bone cells organic bone matrix Correct Answer: - collagen - proteoglycans - glycosaminoglycans - glycoproteins - provides flexibility - resists tensile (pulling) forces inorganic bone matrix Correct Answer: hydroxyapatite Ossification Correct Answer: process of bone formation Calcification 11 Correct Answer: process that hardens bones by adding calcium phosphate and collagen bone resorption Correct Answer: the breakdown of bone extracellular matrix by osteoclasts that is part of the normal development, maintenance, may occur when Ca+ levels are LOW osteitis deformans (Paget's disease) Correct Answer: bone deformities due to a failure of bone remodeling, deformed thick cranium osteon Correct Answer: structural unit of compact bone circumfrential lamellae Correct Answer: found at the outer and inner surfaces of the bone, where they are covered by the periosteum and endosteum. concentric lamellae Correct Answer: Rings of calcified matrix around central canal Canaliculi Correct Answer: little channels that connect lacunae 12 Lacunae Correct Answer: small cavities in bone that contain osteocytes interstital lamellae Correct Answer: fill gaps between forming osteons Chondrocytes Correct Answer: mature cartilage cells that reside in lacunae Chondroblasts Correct Answer: cartilage-forming cells that build a model of the future bone Perichondrium Correct Answer: Dense irregular connective tissue membrane covering cartilage appositional growth Correct Answer: diameter bone growth intersitial growth Correct Answer: Growth in length; occurs at epiphyseal plates. intramembranous ossification Correct Answer: Bone develops from fibrous membrane 13 Bones called membrane bones Forms flat bones, e.g. clavicles and cranial bones endochondral ossification Correct Answer: process in which bone forms by replacing hyaline cartilage primary ossification center Correct Answer: diaphysis (shaft) secondary ossification center Correct Answer: this develops in the epiphyses of bone during endochondral ossification Zone of resting cartilage (1st layer of cells) Correct Answer: nearest the epiphysis and contains randomly arranged chondrocytes that do not divide rapidly Zone of proliferating cartilage (2nd layer of cells) Correct Answer: long coin stacks parallel to epiphysis rapid miotic division zone of hypertrophic cartilage (3rd layer) Correct Answer: large, maturing chondrocytes arranged in columns 14 Zone of calcified cartilage (4th layer of cells) Correct Answer: Deposited minerals kill the chondrocytes and make matrix opaque Zone of Ossification (Epiphyseal Plate) Correct Answer: chondrocytes are calcified and about the diaphysis with osteoblasts bone remodeling Correct Answer: The continuous turnover of bone matrix and mineral that involves first, an increase in resorption and osteoclast activity, and later, reactive bone formation by osteoblast activity. Hormones in bone remodeling Correct Answer: HGh human growth hormone thyroid hormone parathyroid hormone calcitonin calcitrol sex hormones achondroplastic dwarfism Correct Answer: Long bones stop growing in childhood Normal torso, short limbs Failure of cartilage growth in metaphysis 15 Spontaneous mutation produces mutant dominant allele Rickets/Osteomalacia Correct Answer: Vitamin D deficiency osteopenia Correct Answer: thinner than average bone density in a young person 35 to 40- condition of someone who does not yet have osteoporosis Osteoporosis Correct Answer: A condition in which the body's bones become weak and break easily. organic components Correct Answer: Includes osteogenic cells, osteoblasts, osteocytes, collagen, osteoclasts, and osteoid flexability inorganic components Correct Answer: Hydroxyapatites (mineral salts) strength 16 Aging and Bone Tissue Correct Answer: From birth through adolescence, more bone is produced than is lost during remodeling. In adults, the rates are the same. Older individuals, especially postmenopausal women, experience a decrease in bone mass when resorption outpaces deposition. Human Growth Hormone (HGH) Correct Answer: stimulates liver to produce IGF, bone elongation Thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) Correct Answer: Stimulates metabolic activity and bone growth Calcitonin (CT) Correct Answer: Secreted by the thyroid gland; inhibits bone resorption by osteoclasts. Calcitrol Correct Answer: stimulates intestine to absorb more calcium into the blood parathyroid hormone Correct Answer: increases blood calcium levels Sex hormones (estrogen and testosterone) Correct Answer: stimulate osteoblasts; promote epiphyseal plate growth and closure 17 Glucocorticoids Correct Answer: Increase bone loss and, in children, impair bone growth when there are chronically high levels of glucocorticoids serotonin Correct Answer: stops osteoprogenitor cells, increases blood Ca avulsion fracture Correct Answer: broken bone in which the site of muscle, tendon, or ligament insertion is detached by a forceful pull Colles fracture Correct Answer: fracture of the distal radius at the wrist Communicated Fracture Correct Answer: fracture in which the bone breaks into small pieces complete fracture Correct Answer: bone is broken all the way through compound fracture Correct Answer: bone breaks through the skin 18 compression fracture Correct Answer: occurs when the bone is pressed together (compressed) on itself depressed fracture Correct Answer: broken bone concaves displaced fracture Correct Answer: bone ends are out of normal alignment epiphyseal fracture Correct Answer: epiphysis separates from diaphysis greenstick fracture Correct Answer: one in which the bone is bent and only partially broken hairline fracture Correct Answer: minor fracture in which all portions of the bone are in perfect alignment impacted fracture Correct Answer: broken bone ends are forced into each other incomplete fracture 19 Correct Answer: bone is not broken all the way through linear fracture Correct Answer: the fracture is parallel to the long axis of the bone oblique fracture Correct Answer: occurs at an angle across the bone pathologic fracture Correct Answer: fracture caused by diseased or weakened bone Pott's fracture Correct Answer: fracture of the distal ends of the fibula and tibia simple fracture Correct Answer: bone is broken cleanly; the ends do not penetrate the skin spiral fracture Correct Answer: a fracture in which the bone has been twisted apart stress fracture Correct Answer: a small crack in the bone that often develops from chronic, excessive impacts 20 transverse fracture Correct Answer: occurs straight across the bone joint Correct Answer: A place in the body where two bones come together fibrous joints Correct Answer: consists of inflexible layers of dense connective tissue holds the bones tightly together immoveable or slightly moveable cartilaginous joints Correct Answer: allow only slight movement and consist of bones connected entirely by cartilage synovial joints Correct Answer: created where two bones articulate to permit a variety of motions synovial joints Correct Answer: created where two bones articulate to permit a variety of motions 3 functionally classifies joints 21 Correct Answer: Synarthrosis Amphiarthrosis Diarthrosis Synarthrosis Correct Answer: non-movable joint Amphiarthrosis Correct Answer: slightly movable joint Diarthrosis Correct Answer: freely movable joint costochondritis Correct Answer: an inflammation of the cartilage that connects a rib to the sternum features of synovial joints Correct Answer: articular cartilage; fibrous articular capsule; joint cavity; reinforcing ligaments articular cartilage Correct Answer: covers the surfaces of bones where they come together to form joints made of hyaline cartilage 22 3 functions of synovial fluid Correct Answer: lubrication of joint nourishment of chondrcytes shock absorption Bursa Correct Answer: a fibrous sac between certain tendons and bones that is lined with a synovial membrane that secretes synovial fluid Tendon Correct Answer: Connects muscle to bone Ligament Correct Answer: Connects bone to bone Menisci Correct Answer: flattened, shock-absorbing pads of fibrocartilage between the articulating surfaces of some joints Hinge joint Correct Answer: uniaxial Elbow, knee 23 Plane joint Correct Answer: short slipping or gliding movements Uniaxial i.e. carpals ball and socket joint Correct Answer: spherical head of one bone fits into a round socket in another Multiaxial i.e. shoulder, coxal Pivot joint Correct Answer: rotating bone turns around an axis Uniaxial Ex: connection between radius/ulna, atlantoaxial joint. condylar joint Correct Answer: Oval, convex surface articulating with concave surface Biaxial Ex: Metacarpalphalangeal joints saddle joint Correct Answer: biaxial 24 thumb lateral flexion Correct Answer: bends vertebral column from side to side Pronation Correct Answer: turning the palm downward Supination Correct Answer: movement that turns the palm up Rotator Cuff (SITS) Correct Answer: supraspinatus infraspinatus teres minor subscapularis Intercapsular ligaments Correct Answer: (ligaments of the knee joint) anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments: 1. prevent anterior-posterior displacement 2. reside outside the synovial cavity gouty arthritis 25 Correct Answer: inflammation and painful swelling of joints caused by excessive uric acid in the body Osteoarthritis (OA) Correct Answer: progressive, degenerative joint disease with loss of articular cartilage and hypertrophy of bone (formation of osteophytes, or bone spurs) at articular surfaces rheumatoid arthritis Correct Answer: a chronic autoimmune disorder in which the joints and some organs of other body systems are attacked becoming eventually ossified Benefits of exercise on joints Correct Answer: Nourishes chondrocytes Circulates synovial fluid Strengthens nearby muscles