AQA Psychology A-Level Paper 2 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 2024/2025

Wilhelm Wundt - Ans - First Psychologist - First Lab in Germany - Experimental Conditions - Structuralism and Introspection Introspection - Ans Person Gains knowledge about their mental state by examining their conscious thoughts and feelings Empiricism - Ans Knowledge is derived from sensory experience, characterised by the use of the scientific method Scientific Method - Ans The investigative methods that are: - Objective - Systematic - Reliable Evaluation of Wundt - Ans - methods were unreliable as it relied on non-observable - Introspection is not accurate because people are often unaware of are behaviours Evaluation of the Scientific Approach - Ans - its objective and systematic - Rely on determinism - Self corrective - Create non-naturalistic environments - Human behaviour is not always observable to the rules of science Classical Conditioning - Ans Pavlov - When a neutral stimulus is consistently paired with an unconditional stimulus so that it takes on the properties on the stimulus and is able to produced a conditioned response Classical Conditioning steps - Ans UCS - UCR NS - No Response UCS+NS - UCR CS - CR Features of CC - Ans - If time interval is too great between conditioning it does not work - CR will become extinct in the absence of the UCS after a while - If extinct and paired again they pair more quickly (Spontaneous Recovery) - Stimulus generalisation, CR is created to things similar to CS Operant Conditioning - Ans Skinner - Learning through reinforcement or punishment, a behaviour is more likely if followed by a desirable concequence Positive Reinforcement - Ans Behaviour Produces a response that is desirable Negative Reinforcement - Ans Doing something to stop unpleasant response Reinforcement - Ans Strengthening a response Punishment - Ans An unpleasant consequence following a behaviour Features of Classical Conditioning - Ans - Scheduling reinforcement makes it stronger - Punishment Evaluation of Classical Conditioning - Ans - Applications in treatment of phobias - Animal Research cannot be generalised to humans because they have different needs to learn Evaluation of Operant Conditioning - Ans - Use of experimental method - Animal Research cannot be generalised to humans Modelling - Ans Individuals learn behaviour be observing others Imitation - Ans Copying a models behaviour