Advanced Pharmacology-NR 508 All Answers Correct

Advanced Pharmacology-NR 508 All Answers Correct effectiveness, safety, selectivity State the three (3) most important characteristics of any drug. No, all medications have side effects Is it possible to have a selective drug? Absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion Define the four phases of pharmacokenetics. The nature and intensity of the response the drug has on the body Evaluate effects, identify high risk patients, and assess for self care important goals of pre-administration assessment. Define pharmacodynamics. Name the three most Allergies, pregnancy, age, genetics and pathological disease (kidney or liver) predispose an individual to adverse reactions from drugs? What factors can A thorough patient history to identify those who might be high risk and education measures help reduce adverse reactions of medication administration? A randomized control trial is required for all new medications What What type of research is required to assess drug therapies? Participants don't know if they belong to the control or experimental group study? Harris-Kefauver Amendment to the FDA and the Cosmetic act of 1962 What is a "blinded" Which Amendment strengthened drug regulation after the Thalidomide tragedy in Europe? Trade names are easy to recall and pronounce, and good for marketing purposes purpose of having a trade name (proprietary or brand name) for a drug? Using two brand name drugs that have the same ingredient can lead to overdose the problems with trade names? What is the What is one of Penicillin's Binds and blocks peptidases? Floroquinolones Cephalosporins Macrolides commonly used to treat urinary tract infections? inhibits cell wall synthesis prevents translocation Penicillin Beta Lactam ring Sulfonomides Cephalosporins Macrolides inhibits folic acid synthesis Has a disulfiram like reaction when taken with alcohol Gram positive Flouroquinolones Macrolides causes prolonged QT interval Causes GI upset, hepatotoxicity, flatulence, jaundice, anorexia and adverse effects Tetracycline Causes teeth discoloration Floroquinolones Aminoglycosides Floroquinolones Amnioglycosides Associated with spontaneous tendon rupture Inhibits the process of translation inhibits DNA gyrase Broad spectrum change shape of 30s sub unit Penicillin inhibits cell wall production Tetracycline Sulfonomides interferes with tRNA attachment most common antibiotic to be allergic to Aminoglycosides Pharmacology Pre clinical Stage inhibits protein synthesis The study of drugs and their actions on the body The first part of the drug development process Identification of promising drugs and testing on animals occurs in this phase Two types of drug responses Graded Responses quantal and graded biological effects that can be measured continually up to the maxium responding capacity of the biologic system Most drug responses are graded Quantal response responses that may or may not occur Examples of graded responses heart rate diruesis bronchodilation pain score coma score Examples of quantal responses blood pressure convulsions pregnancy rash sleep death Potency how much drug is needed to produce a biologic response Which has the highest potency? Ibuprofen 200mg ASA 325mg Ketoprofen 50mg Effiacy Ketoprofen-because it takes less to achieve--therefore has the highest potency the expression of the maximum effect a drug can produce Therapeutic index Placebo the ratio between the toxic and therapeutic concentrations of a drug tablets or capsules that contain no active ingredient Six steps of prescribing medication specify the therapeutic objective choose a treatment start the treatment educate the patient monitor effectiveness Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act of 1906 Define patients problem the first federal law designed to protect the public by restricting the manufacturer and distribution of drugs Orphan Drug Act of 1983 fosters orphan drug development for diseases so rare that the usual approval process would take decades to complete expanded the number of generic Drug Price Competition and Patent Term Restoration Act of 1984 drugs suitable for new drug application makes it suitable for generic medications to be replicated adverse drug reaction any unexpected, unintended, undesired, or excessive response to a medication given at therapeutic dosages (as opposed to overdose) Two types of drug reactions Pharmacological Reaction Pharmacological and idiosyncratic Pharmacological ADRs are more common comprise approximately 85% to 90% of reported ADRs reactions are often an exaggerated physiological response related to the pharmacology of the drug, idiosyncratic reaction unpredictable, often serious, and may result in death Type I immune-mediated reactions IgE-mediated, immediate-type hypersensitivity) provoked by re-exposure to an antigen. acute hypersensitivity reaction that may be local or systemic, involving the skin, bronchopulmonary system, nasopharnyx tract, eyes, and/or gastrointestinal tract. Type II hypersensitivity reactions antibodies unite with antigens or haptens and induce destruction of cells and tissues through activation of the complement system or through removal by macrophages. Type III hypersensitivity reactions occur when aggregates of antigens and IgG and IgM antibodies create insoluble immune complexes in vessels or the blood that may be deposited in tissues takes a week or more to occur and may present as serum sickness, drug fever, or vasc