KPE 160 Final UofT Latest Update with Verified Solutions

KPE 160 Final UofT Latest Update with Verified Solutions Subdivisions of motor behaviour motor control, motor learning, motor development Goal of motor control to understand the set of cognitive and neural processes involved in the planning and execution of individual actions Goal of motor learning to understand the set of challenges and processes of improving and perfecting a performance Goal of motor development to understand the set of processes and factors leading to changes in performance and learning across the lifespan Cognitive/reductionist approach functions can be derived from understanding the characteristics of the elements Complex/dynamical systems approach functions cannot be derived from understanding the characteristics of the elements, but rather the whole system Focus of information processing approach of reductionism the focus is on the manner in which stimulus information is used to bring about behaviour Neuroscience approach of reductionism the focus is on the neural events underlying movement Active/endogenous movement movement resulting from muscular contractions Passive/exogenous movement movement resulting from forces that are external to the body Reflex action (motor responses) involuntary and relatively stereotyped responses to specific stimuli — the result of a specific, unchanging neural network Characteristics of reflex action short latency, generalized/stereotyped, conscious awareness does not precede response involuntarily, response is generally determined by stimulus, innate Voluntary action (motor responses) a response resulting from higher order processing — the result of a flexible and variable neural network Characteristics of voluntary action longer latency, adaptable/can be novel, conscious awareness precedes response, voluntary, responses are related to but not determined by stimuli, learned Motor skills a behavior for which the primary determinant is the quality of the movement that the performer produces Task perspective of motor skills size of muscle groups, task organization, importance of cognitive and motor involvement, predictability of environment Types of motor group classification gross, fine, mixed Types of task organization classification discrete, serial, continuous Types of cognitive/motor involvement classification cognitive, motor Types of environmental predictability classification