NSG530 / NSG 530 Exam 2 (Latest 2024 / 2025): Advanced Pathophysiology | Complete Guide with Verified Answers | 100% Correct - Wilkes
Exam 2: NSG530 / NSG 530 (Latest 2024 / 2025) - Advanced Pathophysiology Exam Review | Complete Guide with Verified Answers | 100% Correct - Wilkes Q: Oncogenes Answer: genes that cause cancer by blocking the normal controls on cell reproduction Q: Proto-oncogenes Answer: the corresponding normal cellular genes that are responsi- ble for normal cell growth and division Q: Oncogene activation Answer: point mutation in RAS gene converts from regulated to unregulated Q: tumor suppressor genes Answer: A gene whose protein product inhibits cell division, thereby preventing the uncontrolled cell growth that contributes to cancer. Q: replicative immortality Answer: normal body cells are not immortal and can only divide a limited number of times, CA cells can live forever, unlimited lifespan Q: Telomeres Answer: ends of chromosomes, protective caps on each chromosome Q: genomic instability Answer: -increased tendency for genomic mutations during life cycle of the cell -risk for cancer increases -chromosome instability Q: Angiogenesis Answer: cancer has the ability to from and grow new and own blood vessels, giving CA cells direct access to blood vessels Q: metastasis Answer: The spread of cancer cells to locations distant from their original site. Q: what are changes in tumor microenvironment that initiate mets? Answer: -transition into mesenchymal like loss of polarity, increase migratory capacity, increase resis- tance to apoptosis, ability to re-differential into other cells Q: cellular dedifferentiation Answer: regeneration, cells revert to an earlier stage of de- velopment they can now separate from primary tumor and flourish in a secondary potential hostile secondary site. Q: Skin cancer types Answer: basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, melanoma Q: skin cancer risk factors Answer: - Fair skin - Too much exposure to UV rays. Q: basal cell carcinoma Answer: Most common and least severe type of skin cancer; often characterized by light or pearly flesh colored nodules. Q: squamous cell carcinoma Answer: malignant tumor of the squamous epithelial cells in the epidermis; appears on ear, face, nose, neck, back- appears to be a scab that will not heal Q: Melanoma Answer: The most serious form of skin cancer; can develop from an existing mole. ABCDE warnings Q: most common type of cancer Answer: skin cancer Q: Breast cancer staging Answer: T: is) in situ, 1) 2cm, 2) 2-5cm, 3) 5cm, 4) extension into chest wall / skin or inflammatory carcinoma N: 1) movable ipsilateral axillary LN, 2) fixed ipsilateral axillary LN or clinically apparent ipsilateral internal mammary node, 3) axillary and internal mammary nodes M: 1) metastasis Q: cervical cancer Answer: Malignant cell growth in the cervix; can be caused by HPV virus Q: HPV (human papilloma virus) causing CA Answer: HPV 16 or HPV 18 Q: cervical dysplasia Answer: the presence of precancerous changes in the cells that make up the inner lining of the cervix
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