NYSTCE ESOL CST (116) EXAM STUDY QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS GRADED A 2024

Intonation - the way the voice rises and falls in speech morpheme - the smallest unit of meaning in a language Abraham Maslow - developed hierarchy of needs, which theorized to be the unconscious desires that motivate people subordinating conjunction - joins a dependent clause to an independent clause to which it is related voiceless sounds - sounds made without vibrating the vocal cords Howard Gardner - created the theory of multiple intelligences; proposed that using a person's area of giftedness to demonstrate intellect will help learners achieve their potential independent (or main) clause - a clause that can stand alone as it's own sequence one-word stage - stage of language acquisition; characterized by a child's use of a single word to convey a full meaning humor stage - stage of acculturation; when students start to come to terms with their circumstances and move toward acceptance of their new culture SIFE - Students with Interrupted Formal Education labial consonant sound - sound produced by the top and bottom lips coming together (m) gerund phrase - phrase that begins with a gerund (verbs that end in -ing and act as nouns) connotation - the emotional association of a word helping verb - verb that indicates tense (when the action occurred) Woodcock-Muñoz Language Survey - an individually administered assessment that measures cognitive aspects of language proficiency in the form of vocabulary usage, verbal analogies, and letter-word identification Audio-Lingual Method (ALM) - an oral-based approach to language instruction developed by linguists and behavior psychologists; teaches the target language through repetition phonetics - the study of the production of sounds in speech silent way - teaching method based on the idea that language learning should be much like problem-solving and discovery learning; teachers are as silent as possible during lessons in order to promote student participation and experimentation and to concentrate on learning over teaching dependent (or subordinate) clause - a clause that cannot stand alone as its own sentence inferential item - a piece of information that requires the test taker to read between the lines in order to determine what an author is implying communicative competence - the ability to speak a language both appropriately in a social context as well as correctly in terms of rules and structure two-word stage - stage of language acquisition; children begin to learn words and use word combinations early stage of literacy development - characterized by the learner's use of multiple strategies to predict and understand words intermediate fluency - fourth stage of second-language acquisition; learners have acquired a vocabulary of about 6,000 words and are able to speak in more complex sentences and correct many of their own errors free morpheme - a morpheme that can stand on its own literal item - information that refers directly back to the content of the reading material where the answer is defined word by word monitor hypothesis - knowledge that is gained through formal learning that can be used to monitor speech but is not useful in spontaneous speech validity - indicated how well an assessment measures what it is intended to measure; a test is not considered valid if it is not reliable