ONS/ONCC QUESTIONS AND ANSWER 2024

Cancer Epidemiology Study of the distribution and determinants of cancer in population groups Global Cancer Statistics cancer is the leading cause of disease worldwide Cancer rate suppouse to increase by 75% to 22 M new cases in 2030 Causes of cancer rate increase because of increasing tobacco use aging population reproductive dietary and hormonal risk factors Top 5 most commonly diagnosed cancers Lung (13%) breast (11%) colorectal (10%) stomach (8%) prostate (7%) Make up 50 % of all cancer diagnosed Lung breast colorectal stomach prostate Most common cancer in men Lung cancer Most common cancer in woman Breast cancer Cancer mortality An stimated 756 M people died in 2008 Top 5 most common causes of death Lung (18%) Stomach(10%) Liver (9%) Colorectum (6%) Breast (6%) Both sexes combined prostate(14.4%) breast(14.1%) lung (13.7%) colorectal (8.6%) melanoma of the skin (4.6%) Among women top 5 (common) diagnosed cancers breast (29%) lung(14%) colorectal (9%) uterine(5%) thyroid(6%) Among men top 5 (common) diagnosed cancers prostate (28%) lung (14 %) colorectal (9%) urinary bladder(6%) melanoma of the skin (5%) Cancer is the second leading cause of death in second to heart disease. Women leading cause of death lung (26%) breast(14%) colorectal (9%) pancreas (7%) ovary(5%) Men leading cause of death lung (28%) prostate(10%) colorectal(9%) pancreas(6%) liver and intrahepatic bile duct (5%) Cancer health disparities adverse difference in incidence, prevalence, mortality, survivorship, and burder of cacer or related health conditions that exist among specific population groups in US. Highest incidence rate of cancer 1-African American 2-whites 3-hispanic 4-asian 5-american indian Highest incidence rate of mortality 1-african american 2-whites 3-american indian 4-hispanic 5-Asian breast cancer highest diagnosed (white) highest mortality (african american) cervical cancer highest incidence (hispanic) highest mortality (african american) prostate cabcer highest incidence and mortality (african american) lung cancer highest incidence & mortality (african america) colorectal cancer highest incidence & mortality (african american) liver cancer highest incidence & mortality (asian/pacific islanders) stomach cancer highest incidence &mortality (asian/pacific islanders) kidney cancer american indian/ alaska natives overweight BMI 25-29.9 Obese BMI > 30 Vegetable and fruits associate with decreased risk of lung, esophageal, stomach and colorectal cancers whole grain fruits decreased risk of colorectal cancer alcohol consumption risk factor mouth, pharynx, larynx, esophagus,liver,colorectum, pancreas, and breast. Sun risk factor for melanoma and basal and squamous cell skin cancers most common skin cancer basal cell carcinoma squasmous cell carcinoma begin with solar keratoses or actinic keratoses (head,neck and arms) Hep B associated with liver cancer HIV Increases risk of Karposi sarcoma and B cell lymphomas Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) Endemic because more than 90% worldwide is seropositive Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) causes infectious mononucleosis Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) associated with Burkitt lymphoma, nasopharyngeal cancers, undifferentiated parotid carcinoma, hodgkin's disease, b cell lymphoma and gastric carcinoma. Human Papillomavirus (HPV) cervical cancer HPV (human papilloma virus) app 70% of cervical cancer caused by HPV types 16 or 18 oral cancer HPV-16 detected in a substantial proportion of squamous cell carcinomas of the soft palate, tonsil, and base of the tongue oral cancer HPV-16 decteted in 60% to 70% of all HPV associated cancer of the oral cavity and oropharynx. Human T-cell lymphotropic virus 1 (HTLV-1) Associated T-cell lymphotropic virus Hormone replacement therapy (HRT) Combined estrogen-progesterone HRT given to postmenopausal women increases the risk of breast cancer. Estrogens may have protective role in preventing colorectal cancer long term use of HRT hormone replacement therapy increases risk of endometrial cancer. Selective estrogen receptors modulators include tamoxifen and raloxifene Selective estrogen receptor modulators FDA-approved for use the used to reduce risk of breast cancer. for up to 50% among high risk women reduce risk of cancer of ovary and uterus use of oral contraceptive associated with breast cancer anabolic steroids associated with liver cancer Menotropins (Pergonal, Repronex, Menopur) may increase the risk for ovarian cancer.