Psychology Themes and Variations, 5th Canadian Edition Wayne Weiten V1

2 Name: Class: Date: Chapter 1 - The Evolution of Psychology Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 1 1. The term “psychology” comes from the Greek words psyche and logos. What does logos mean? a. the study of a subject b. the soul c. logic d. discipline ANSWER: a 2. According to historians, when and where did the “birth” of psychology occur? a. 1859 in England b. 1879 in Germany c. 1883 in the United States d. 1909 in Austria ANSWER: b 3. According to Wilhelm Wundt, what was the focus of psychology? a. to understand functions of behaviour b. to understand unconscious motivation c. the scientific study of observable behaviour d. the scientific study of conscious experience ANSWER: d 4. What did Wilhelm Wundt believe the focus of psychology should be? a. studying stimulus-response associations b. questioning the nature of existence c. examining people’s awareness of their immediate experience d. determining people’s unconscious motivation for behaviour ANSWER: c 5. Who established the first psychological research laboratory in the United States at John’s Hopkins? a. William James b. G. Stanley Hall c. John Watson d. Edward Titchener ANSWER: b 6. In 1954, what movement did Abraham Maslow’s book Motivation and Personality help fuel? a. functionalism b. humanistic psychology c. individual psychology d. self-help ANSWER: b Name: Class: Date: Chapter 1 - The Evolution of Psychology Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 2 7. What is the world’s largest organization devoted to the advancement of psychology in Canada? a. The Structuralists b. Western Psychological Society c. World Psychology Organization d. Canadian Psychological Association ANSWER: d 8. What were the first two major schools of psychology? a. functionalism and behaviourism b. behaviourism and psychoanalytic theory c. behaviourism and Gestalt psychology d. structuralism and functionalism ANSWER: d 9. Which school of psychology focused on identifying and examining the fundamental components of conscious experience, such as sensations, feelings, and images? a. humanism b. structuralism c. functionalism d. behaviourism ANSWER: b 10. Which type of psychologist was most likely to use the technique of introspection? a. structuralist b. behaviourist c. cognitive d. humanist ANSWER: a 11. Mariska is participating in a study in which she is asked to carefully observe and report her conscious reactions to several stimuli. Which type of psychologist is most likely to conduct a study like this? a. structuralist b. humanist c. behaviourist d. psychoanalytic ANSWER: a 12. Isabel is listening to a piece of classical music and recording all her feelings and impressions as she experiences them. Which school of psychology was most well-known for using this sort of technique? a. humanism b. structuralism c. functionalism Name: Class: Date: Chapter 1 - The Evolution of Psychology Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 3 d. behaviourism ANSWER: b 13. To learn something about his conscious experience, William looked at an abstract painting and wrote down all of his impressions as they came to him. What is the biggest limitation to this method? a. It relies on sensation and perception. b. It is overly objective and empirical. c. The experiences cannot be verified. d. There is no test-retest reliability. ANSWER: c 14. Dr. Asgaard believes that to fully understand complex processes, such as auditory processing, it is first necessary to understand all the separate component parts. Which psychologist would be most likely to share Dr. Asgaard’s views? a. Ivan Pavlov b. Carl Rogers c. William James d. Edward Titchener ANSWER: d 15. Which modern field in psychology is closest to the school of psychology known as structuralism? a. sensation and perception b. evolutionary psychology c. clinical psychology d. social psychology ANSWER: a 16. Which school of psychology focused on understanding the purpose of behaviour? a. structuralism b. functionalism c. neodynamism d. behaviourism ANSWER: b 17. Which statement is most likely to be made by a researcher who studies pain perception from a functionalist perspective? a. We can understand pain perception only if we understand the unconscious processes that initiate the sensation of pain. b. We can study pain only by observing the outward expression of pain in response to different stimuli. c. We can study pain only if all the component parts that make up the experience of pain are understood. d. We can understand pain perception only if we understand the role of pain in human survival and Name: Class: Date: Chapter 1 - The Evolution of Psychology Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 4 adaptation. ANSWER: d 18. Who most heavily influenced the functionalist pioneer William James? a. Charles Darwin b. Sigmund Freud c. B.F. Skinner d. John Watson ANSWER: a 19. Which school of psychology stressed that psychology should study the purpose of consciousness rather than the individual components of consciousness? a. psychoanalysis b. structuralism c. Gestalt psychology d. functionalism ANSWER: d 20. Dr. Smythe believes that to fully understand complex processes, such as taste, it is necessary to understand the role that taste plays in survival, not the elementary components that combine to produce taste sensations. With which school of thought are Dr. Smythe’s views most consistent? a. structuralist approach b. behaviourist approach c. functionalist approach d. psychoanalytic approach ANSWER: c 21. Dr. Ramos believes that it is not possible to fully understand emotions unless we understand the role that emotions play in survival and adaptation. With which theorist are Dr. Ramos’s views most consistent with? a. Ivan Pavlov b. Carl Rogers c. Edward Titchener d. William James ANSWER: d 22. What is the term used by William James to describe a continuous flow of thoughts? a. phenomenological flow b. stream of consciousness c. transcendental meditation d. existential awareness ANSWER: b Name: Class: Date: Chapter 1 - The Evolution of Psychology Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 5 23. Who established the first experimental laboratory in Canada in 1891? a. Stanley Hall b. James Baldwin c. Brenda Milner d. Wilder Penfield ANSWER: b 24. Who was one of the founders of neuropsychology in Canada and was well known for her pioneering work with the patient known as H.M.? a. Mary Ainsworth b. Brenda Milner c. Mary Wright d. Doreen Kimura ANSWER: b 25. Which university offered the first psychology course offered at a Canadian university in 1838? a. McGill b. Dalhousie c. Concordia d. Simon Fraser ANSWER: b 26. What was an early approach in psychology that fostered the development of modern-day applied psychology and behaviourism? a. Gestalt psychology b. functionalism c. pragmatism d. structuralism ANSWER: b 27. In 1939, Canada’s largest organization for psychology was founded. What is it called? a. Association for Applied Psychologists in Canada b. American Psychological Association c. Association of Psychologists of Canada d. Canadian Psychological Association ANSWER: d 28. Who was the first woman to receive a Ph.D. in psychology? a. Mary Calkins b. Anna Freud c. Margaret Washburn Name: Class: Date: Chapter 1 - The Evolution of Psychology Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 6 d. Leta Hollingworth ANSWER: c 29. What is Leta Hollingworth most well-known for? a. debunking theories that proposed that women are inferior to men b. founding one of the early psychology laboratories in America c. being the first woman to receive a Ph.D. in psychology d. being the first woman president of the American Psychological Association ANSWER: a 30. Which psychologist proposed that the study of consciousness should be replaced by the study of behaviour? a. G. Stanley Hall b. John B. Watson c. Sigmund Freud d. Abraham Maslow ANSWER: b 31. Which theoretical orientation insisted that observations be verifiable? a. behaviourism b. functionalism c. psychoanalysis d. structuralism ANSWER: a 32. What did John B. Watson argue that psychologists should do? a. confine their work to people who are diagnosed as mentally ill b. use the method of introspection to establish the structural aspects of consciousness c. abandon the study of consciousness d. concern themselves with the intentionality of behaviour ANSWER: c 33. According to John Watson, what primarily governs behaviour? a. personal motives b. heredity c. environment d. unconscious desires ANSWER: c 34. Which statement would a strict behaviourist most likely agree with? a. The primary causes for human behaviour are unknown. b. Human behaviour is caused primarily by environmental factors. Name: Class: Date: Chapter 1 - The Evolution of Psychology Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 7 c. Human behaviour is caused primarily by inherited factors. d. Human behaviour is caused primarily by equal contributions of inherited and environmental factors. ANSWER: b 35. What did Watson state that psychologists should study? a. only the things that people or other animals do, because those are observable behaviours b. only the things that people do as a result of experience, because reflexes are not valid behaviours c. things that people do, think, and feel d. only the things that people think and feel, because those are psychological processes ANSWER: a 36. Ariadne believes that individuals learn to be either aggressive or non-aggressive as a result of the experiences they have. With which type of psychology are Ariadne’s views most consistent? a. functionalist b. structuralist c. psychoanalytic d. behaviourist ANSWER: d 37. Lynelle teases her brother and then he starts crying. If you describe the teasing as a stimulus, and the crying as a response to that stimulus, what type of analysis are you conducting? a. structuralist b. behaviourist c. psychoanalytic d. functionalist ANSWER: b 38. Which school of psychology was most responsible for the rise of animal research in psychology? a. structuralism b. psychoanalysis c. behaviourism d. Gestaltism ANSWER: c 39. If Dr. Scott chooses to conduct experiments with animals to exert more experimental control over the study, which type of researcher is Dr. Scott? a. psychoanalytic b. behaviourist c. structuralist d. Gestaltist ANSWER: b Name: Class: Date: Chapter 1 - The Evolution of Psychology Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 8 40. Dr. Tsang is a psychologist who conducts research on the effects of reward on maze learning in rats. Which type of psychologist is Dr. Tsang? a. behaviourist b. structuralist c. Gestaltist d. psychoanalytic ANSWER: a 41. Which statement best reflects the main advantage of conducting psychological research with animals? a. With research on animals, there are no ethical issues to be concerned with. b. In their biological makeup, animals are fundamentally similar to humans. c. A researcher can exert more control over an animal than over a human subject. d. It is much cheaper to conduct research on animals than on humans. ANSWER: c 42. Sigmund Freud developed an innovative procedure for treating people with psychological problems. What did he call this procedure? a. rational-emotive therapy b. behaviour modification c. primal therapy d. psychoanalysis ANSWER: d 43. According to Sigmund Freud, what determines an individual’s personality? a. strivings for superiority b. forces in the unconscious c. self-actualizing tendencies d. forces in the environment ANSWER: b 44. You are interviewing a new member of the psychology department for the university newspaper. The faculty member states: “Many times people are unaware of the unconscious motivations that drive their overt actions.” Which theorist is this faculty member’s view most similar to? a. Wilhelm Wundt b. Carl Rogers c. Ivan Pavlov d. Sigmund Freud ANSWER: d 45. What did Freud conclude are the dominant causes of psychological disturbances? a. conflicts between conscious desires and environmental constraints b. personal conflicts existing at an unconscious level Name: Class: Date: Chapter 1 - The Evolution of Psychology Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 9 c. unrealistic demands from family and friends d. genetic predispositions to behave in a particular way ANSWER: b 46. How did Freud’s theories about human behaviour differ from prevailing viewpoints in the early 1900s? a. He proposed the existence of free will. b. He saw people as not fully aware of the forces that control their behaviour. c. He emphasized environmental forces on behaviour. d. He saw abnormal behaviour as resulting from biological causes. ANSWER: b 47. Why did many psychologists resist psychoanalysis? a. because of its use of introspection b. because of its emphasis on unconscious motivation c. because of its focus on the role of heredity d. because of its explanations in terms of stimulus-response associations ANSWER: b 48. Liserel is a graduate student who believes that the best approach to the study of psychology is to focus exclusively on the unconscious determinants of behaviour. Which perspective matches Liserel’s views toward the study of psychology? a. humanistic b. psychoanalytic c. structuralist d. cognitive ANSWER: b 49. What do behaviourism and psychoanalytic theory have in common? a. an emphasis on the role of sexuality in behaviour b. the implication that people are not necessarily in complete control of behaviour c. the notion that unconscious motives have a major influence on behaviour d. a resistance to the use of animal subjects in psychological research ANSWER: b 50. Much like Freud, Skinner’s views on human behaviour were controversial and often criticized. Which controversies were predominant for each of Freud and Skinner? a. Freud’s focus on sexual motivation and Skinner’s suggestion that free will was an illusion b. Freud’s focus on sexual motivation and Skinner’s belief that maladaptive behaviour was biological in origin c. Freud’s insensitive treatment of patients and Skinner’s violation of existing animal ethics rules d. Freud’s focus on conscious processes and Skinner’s focus on unconscious processes ANSWER: a Name: Class: Date: Chapter 1 - The Evolution of Psychology Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 10 51. Which statement best reflects the current status of Freud’s psychoanalytic theory? a. Freud’s views exert a tremendous influence on other disciplines, but not on psychology. b. Freud’s views have been largely abandoned and they exert relatively little, if any, influence on current mainstream psychology. c. Many psychoanalytic concepts have filtered into the mainstream of psychology. d. Freud’s views exert a tremendous influence on developmental and abnormal psychology, but not on other areas of mainstream psychology. ANSWER: c 52. Who took the position that organisms tend to repeat responses that lead to positive outcomes and tend not to repeat responses that lead to neutral or negative outcomes? a. Abraham Maslow b. Carl Rogers c. B F Skinner d. Sigmund Freud ANSWER: c 53. With which individual is B. F. Skinner most in agreement on the issue of internal mental events? a. Abraham Maslow b. Sigmund Freud c. John Watson d. Wilhelm Wundt ANSWER: c 54. Janet trained her dog to sit on command by rewarding the dog’s behaviour of sitting with a dog biscuit and praise. Which psychological perspective’s methods did Janet use? a. psychoanalysis b. humanism c. functionalism d. behaviourism ANSWER: d 55. A study determines that rats can be trained to press a lever if lever pressing is followed by the presentation of food. Of the following theorists, who would be most likely to have devised this study? a. Wilhelm Wundt b. Abraham Maslow b. F. Skinner c. CHOICE BLANK d. William James ANSWER: c Name: Class: Date: Chapter 1 - The Evolution of Psychology Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 11 56. You are interviewing a new member of the psychology department for the university newspaper. The faculty member states, “Sure, people have emotions and thoughts and dreams, but you don’t have to study those things in order to predict behaviour.” Which theorist’s views are most similar to the views held by this faculty member? a. Sigmund Freud b. b. F. Skinner c. William James d. Carl Rogers ANSWER: b 57. What is most likely to be studied by a behaviourist? a. animal training methods b. emotional reactions to trauma c. reaction time in response to complex words d. how children develop humour ANSWER: a 58. Marissa wants to study people’s emotional reactions to increases in temperature. Her classmate, Bernard, tells her that her study should focus on observable behaviours, rather than thoughts or feelings. Which psychological perspective is consistent with Bernard’s advice? a. evolutionary b. psychodynamic c. humanist d. behavioural ANSWER: d 59. Caroline conducts research in which she systematically changes some aspect of the environment and then measures changes in observable behaviour. Which psychological perspective is most consistent with Caroline’s method? a. cognitive b. humanist c. behaviourist d. psychoanalytic ANSWER: c 60. Which statement best reflects Skinner’s view of behaviourism? a. It focused on the importance of free will. b. It focused on the study of behaviour and its consequences. c. It encouraged speculative statements about consciousness. d. It included hypotheses about motives and goals. ANSWER: b Name: Class: Date: Chapter 1 - The Evolution of Psychology Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 12 61. Who would have been most likely to say, “You think that you’re in control of your own behaviour, but you’re not truly in control”? a. B. F. Skinner b. Abraham Maslow c. Wilhelm Wundt d. Carl Rogers ANSWER: a 62. What was the dominant school of thought in psychology during the 1950s and 1960s? a. behaviourism b. structuralism c. Gestaltism d. functionalism ANSWER: a 63. Which group would be most likely to suggest that people can have complete control over their own destinies? a. psychoanalysts b. humanists c. behaviourists d. Gestaltists ANSWER: b 64. Which school of psychology takes the most optimistic view of human nature? a. structuralism b. behaviourism c. humanism d. functionalism ANSWER: c 65. Which type of psychologist would NOT generalize from studies of animal subjects to human behaviour? a. evolutionary psychologist b. humanist c. cognitive psychologist d. behaviourist ANSWER: b 66. Oliver is studying motivation in chimpanzees. His roommate believes that Oliver’s research is only useful for understanding chimpanzees and cannot generalize to humans. Which perspective does Oliver’s roommate apparently take? a. cognitive b. biological Name: Class: Date: Chapter 1 - The Evolution of Psychology Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 13 c. humanistic d. evolutionary ANSWER: c 67. Which theoretical viewpoint is most closely associated with Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow? a. cognitive approach b. humanism c. structuralism d. biological approach ANSWER: b 68. Which statement would NOT be made by a humanist? a. Research on animals has no relevance to understanding human behaviour. b. Humans have a basic need to fulfil their potential. c. The behaviour of humans tends to be dictated by environmental circumstances. d. Humans are unique. ANSWER: c 69. What do humanists believe governs people’s behaviour? a. unconscious sexual urges b. outcomes of an individual’s responses c. biochemical processes d. self-concepts ANSWER: d 70. Micha tends to be very passive and allows people to take advantage