NSG 1050 Exam 1 Study Guide

NSG 1050 Exam 1 Study Guide Models of Health and Illness: Health Belief Model, Health Promotion Model, Maslow’s Hierarch, Holistic Health Models (focus of each model, components and stages of each model) Health Belief Model- addresses the relationship between a person’s beliefs and behaviors • Use this model to help plan care that will most effectively help patients maintain or restore health and prevent illness 1. Component 1 involves an individual’s perception of susceptibility to an illness ex. A patient needs to recognize the familial link for coronary heart disease to perceive the personal risk of heart disease 2. Component 2 is an individual’s perception of the seriousness of the illness; it is influenced and modified by demographic and sociographical variables, perceived threats for the illness, and the cues to action ex. A patient may not perceive his heart disease to be serious, which may affect the way he takes care of himself 3. Component 3 is the likelihood that a person will take preventative action; it results from a person’s perception of the benefits of and barriers to taking action; preventive actions include lifestyle changes, increased adherence to medical therapies, or a search for medical advice/treatment (a patient’s perception of susceptibility and seriousness of disease can help determine the likelihood of the patient partaking or not in unhealthy behaviors) Health Promotion Model- designed to be a “complimentary counterpart to models of health protection”; it defines health as a positive, dynamic state, not merely the absence of disease • health promotion is directed at increasing a patient’s level of well-being 1. individual characteristics and experiences 2. behavior specific knowledge and affect 3. behavioral outcomes, in which the patient commits to or changes a behavior • each person is unique and has unique experiences and characteristics Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs- Holistic Health Models- Variables Influencing Health and Health Beliefs and Practices: All Internal and External Variables • Internal o Developmental stage o Intellectual background o Perception of functioning o Emotional factors o Spiritual factors • External o Family practices o Psychosocial and socioeconomic factors o Cultural background Risk-Factor Modification and Changing Health Behaviors • teach patients to care for themselves in a healthier way 1. precontemplation- not intending to make changes w/in next 6 months 2. contemplation- considering change w/in next 6 months 3. preparation- making small changes in prep for change in next month 4. action- actively engaged in strategies to change (lasts up to 6 months) 5. maintenance stage- sustained change over time (begins 6 months after action has started and continues indefinitely) Illness Acute versus Chronic Acute- is usually reversible, has a short duration and is often severe (symptoms are often abrupt and intense and go away after a relatively short period) ex. Pneumonia Chronic- persists usually longer than 6 months is irreversible, and affects functioning in one or more systems ex. Rheumatoid arthritis Illness Behavior- involves how people monitor their bodies, define and interpret their symptoms, take remedial actions, and use the resources in the health care system Variables Influencing Illness and Illness Behavior • internal – patient perception, nature of illness • external – visibility of symptoms, social group, cultural background, economic variables, accessibility, and social support Roles of the nurse (e.g. educator, advocate, counselor, manager etc) • caregiver- recognize actual and potential health care needs and identify needed community resources; also help build a healthy community • case manager- it is the ability to establish an appropriate plan of care based on assessment of patients and families and to coordinate needed resources and services for a patient’s well-being across a continuum of care • change agent- involves identifying and implementing new and more effective approaches to problems • patient advocates- help patients walk through the system and identify where to go for services, how to reach individuals with the appropriate authority; which services to request, and how to follow through with the information they receive • collaborator- working with other health care providers to achieve common goals • counselor- helps patients identify and clarify health problems and choose appropriate courses of action to solve those problems • educator- help patients and families gain skills and knowledge to care for themselves • epidemiologist- you are involved in case findings, health teaching, and tracking incident rates of an illness Emphasis on Population Wellness Social Determinants of health- are factors that contribute to a person’s current state of health 1. biology and genetics (sex and age) 2. individual behavior (alcohol use, smoking) 3. social environment (income, gender)