AQA A Level Geography paper 2 LATEST EDITION 2024 GUARANTEED GRADE A+

Place A location which has different meanings to various people. Placemaking The deliberate shaping of an environment to facilitate social interaction and improve a community's quality of life. locale Locations that are associated with everyday activities and are shaped by the people, culture and customs within it. Sense of place the subjective and emotional attachment to a place which gives it meaning. Doreen Massey Places are dynamic processes Places have multiple identities Places have no boundaries Placelessness Defined by geographer Edward Relph as the loss of uniqueness of place in the cultural landscape. Positionality Factors such as age, gender, race that influence how we perceive different places. genius loci the spirit of a place - develop a sense of place and suggests every place has a unique spirit or atmosphere. Clone town settlements where the high street is dominated by chain stores- placelessness. Globalisation has created these homogenised places. Totnes, Devon An area that is resisting the power of globalisation e.g. it's anti-Costa campaign in 2012 that succeeded. Bristol pound A local currency that aims to encourage people to shop locally and support independent businesses. Glocalisation The modification of global products and ideas to suit local conditions. E.g. McDonald's have removed pork from the menu in Muslim countries. Near place places that feel like home, where people would live in a similar way to which we live. We feel secure and this has a prop for our identity. Form our national identity as a country. Far place Places we see as foreign, alien and different. Experienced place Places we have been to and developed our own sense of place, emotional attachment, change previous perceptions, genius loci. Media place Places we have formed a perception of based on what we see in the media, makes world seem smaller, more understanding of the world. insider Those who feel at home within a place. Ethnic groups cluster together which can help them feel like insiders. Characteristics of an insider Born in the country, fluent in local language, conform with idioms and social norms and has feelings of emotional attachment and familiarity. outsider a viewpoint of someone who is not from the certain place/doesn't live there/has little or no experience of that place. Outsider characteristics Feelings of alienation and not belonging, sense of place may come from media representations. E.g. a recent immigrant who doesn't understand the culture and may feel excluded from the place. Nationalism A strong feeling of pride in and devotion to one's country which creates a sense of national consciousness. E.g. patriotism, Welsh language. Regionalism loyalty to a particular region Localism An affection for or emotional ownership of a particular place. Can be represented in NIMBYSM - where people are reluctant to have their local area affected by development. People have identified more with their local area because they have greater knowledge of it. endogenous factors Factors that originate from within a place. Over time they will be shaped by exogenous factors. E.g. topography, demographic characteristics, infrastructure. exogenous factors Factors that originate from outside a place e.g. migration (eg Germany has around 1.4m asylum seekers), money, trade Gentrification A process of converting an urban neighborhood from a predominantly low-income renter-occupied area to a predominantly middle-class owner-occupied area. Effects of gentrification racial and ethnic tensions, insiders can feel like outsiders, change in place character East Village case study Previously a deindustrialised area with derelict buildings and the population was mainly comprised of Irish travellers. It was then renovated for the 2012 Olympic Games and is now an area of private housing. One of the traveller camps was regenerated into a broadcasting studio- these insiders were forced out of their place. social constructionism approach The theory where people shape their reality through social interaction; it is therefore something that is constructed, not inherent; it looks to uncover the ways in which individuals and groups give meaning to otherwise worthless spaces. phenomenological approach Proposed by Yi-Fu Tuan and Edward Relph -how an individual person experiences place, recognizing a highly personal relationship between place and person. Topophilia Tuan developed this. Love of a place and having a strong attachment. It's through human perception and experience that we get to know places. Topophobia hate/fear of a place. descriptive approach The idea that the world is a set of places and each place can be studied and is distinct. Jon Anderson Places can be defined and given meaning by the traces within them e.g. buildings, events, emotions. Soho Road Then And Now- Benjamin Zephaniah "Exotic smells"- multicultural character- a large flow of migrants that have contributed to this (exogenous factor) Repetition of collective pronoun "we"- community Reliability of Soho road Zephaniah grew up there so he's an insider but he has bias and a different perspective of the place than us. Coming from the Mill- L.S Lowry 1930 Many factories in the background showing the industry at the time- very different to the present day A large number of people - densely populated area Heavy amount of air pollution- level of industry in area and many people work there in the factories Reliability of Coming from the Mill Lowry lived near the area so he was an insider He has the expertise to create the source His vested interest may not be to show the present day- perhaps the future effects Paintings can show a deeper understanding of the place as they allow the painter to show the character. Sutton Coldfield ethnic data 89.3% white British in 2001 and 86.5% in 2011 which is 0.5% above the national average Sutton Coldfield age data 23.6% aged 60+ in 2001 and 26.3% in 2011 Sutton Coldfield health data 49% very good health in 2001 and 46% in 2011 Sutton Coldfield economic data 84% of households in 2011 owned at least one car and the average weekly income was £560. Torquay case study Southern England within the area of Torbay and south of Exeter. It's seen a decline in tourism since the 1970s and has since experienced social and economic problems Torquay ethnic data 5% ethnic minority groups in 2001 and 2.3% in 2011. 97% white British currently which is 11% above the national average. Limited ethnic variation. CONTINUED...