Pathophysiology for Advanced Practice Nursing Study Guide

Pathophysiology for Advanced Practice Nursing Study Guide Laboratory findings associated with aplastic anemia -Answer-Low MCV & MCHC How is most carbon dioxide transported in the blood? -Answer-Bicarbonate ions What lab test is helpful in diagnosing iron deficiency anemia? -Answer-Elevated TIBC (total iron binding capacity) RBC obtain nearly all their energy from metabolism of? -Answer-Glucose What lab value is usually associated with aplastic anemia? -Answer-Pancytopenia Thalassemia may be confused with iron-deficiency anemia, because they are both - Answer-Microcytic PT & INR measure which pathway? -Answer-Extrinsic aPTT measures which pathway? -Answer-Intrinsic Which electrolyte imbalance may lead to clotting disorders? -Answer-Hypocalcemia The relationship of blood flow (Q), resistance (R), and pressure (P) in a vessel can be expressed by which equation? -Answer-Q=P/R Which changes in the circulatory system occur in the older adult? -Answer-*Increased systemic vascular resistance *Decreased elasticity of vessel walls *Increased afterload *Decreased baroreceptor function Pulse pressure is defined as -Answer-Systolic pressure-diastolic pressure A middle aged patient follows up today for a BP 156/94 3 weeks ago. They have no significant past medical history, take no meds, but smoke 1.5 PPD, drink alcohol regularly, and exercise infrequently. They are about 40# overweight and eat a high-fat high-calorie diet. Today's BP is 150/92. What is the LEAST appropriate intervention for this patient at this time? -Answer-Begin antihypertensive drug therapy The pain characteristics of chronic venous insufficiency include which of the following? - Answer-*Relief with elevation *Aching and cramping *Relief with ambulation Drug resistance of microbes occurs secondary to -Answer-Mutation of a microbe Dietary zinc is an important defense against infection because it maintains -Answer- *Lymphocyte activity *Natural killer cell function *Neutrophil activity *Complement activity Antigen-presenting cells function to -Answer-display foreign antigen on their cell surfaces bound to MHC Proteins that are increased in the bloodstream during acute inflammation are called - Answer-Acute phase proteins Leukocytosis with a "shift to the left" refers to -Answer-elevated immature neutrophils The primary function of kinins is -Answer-vasodilation to enhance inflammation Passive immunity is provided by -Answer-*injection of human immune globulin *transfer of preformed human antibodies *injection of preformed animal antibodies Active immunity involves -Answer-*Active infections *Vaccines with dead or altered organisms Which disorder is associated with a Type III hypersensitivity mechanism of injury? - Answer-systemic lupus erythematosus Which disorder is considered a primary immunodeficiency disease? -Answer-HIV/AIDS Certain autoimmune diseases are associated with the presence of specific proteins on a person's cells. These proteins are called ___ proteins. -Answer-HLA or MHC Transfusion reactions involve RBC destruction caused by -Answer-Recipient antibodies The principle Ig mediator of Type I hypersensitivity reactions is -Answer-IgE Secondary immune deficiency problems may be caused by which of the following? - Answer-*High blood glucose *Low protein level *Corticosteroids *Surgery Anaphylaxis may occur in which types of hypersensitivity reactions? -Answer-I & II Which diseases are due to Type IV hypersensitivity? -Answer-*Brucellosis *TB *Leprosy A patient is seen in the clinic for reports of severe back pain. Her chest x-ray demonstrates generalized bone demineralization and compression fracture. Blood studies demonstrate elevated calcium levels. The most likely diagnosis is: -Answer- Myeloma While hospitalized for management of ALL, a patient develops severe thrombocytopenia. The most appropriate intervention is: -Answer-Activity Restriction In general, the best prognosis for long-term disease-free survival occurs with: -Answer- ALL Which type of leukemia primarily affects children? -Answer-ALL A diagnostic laboratory finding in myeloma is: -Answer-Bence Jones proteins in urine When educating a patient about their newly diagnosed non-Hodgkin lymphoma, you should include that: -Answer-There may be GI involvement HIV infection of T-helper cells is facilitated by attachment of the viral envelope protein gp120 to: -Answer-CD4 proteins on helper cells HIV infection causes immunodeficiency because it: -Answer-causes destruction of T- helper cells What happens to the staging of of HIV if opportunistic infections are found? -Answer-It will automatically move the diagnosis to stage 3, despite what the CD4 count is What are the CD4 T tell count ranges for the 3 stages of HIV? -Answer-6yrs and greater 1: greater than or equal to 500 2: 200-499 3: less than 200 Child less than one year 1: greater than or equal to 1500 2: 750-1499 3. less than 750 Child 1-5 1. greater than or equal to 1000 2. 500-999 3. less than 500 Child 1-5 Glycolysis is the metabolic process of breaking down a glucose molecule to form - Answer-2 ATP and 2 pyruvate Excitable cells are able to conduct action potentials because they have -Answer-Voltage gated channels An increase in extracellular potassium ion from 4.0 to 6.0 mEq/L would -Answer- Hypopolarize the resting membrane potential Necrotic death of brain tissue usually produces ____________________ necrosis - Answer-Liquefactive The cellular response indicative of injury because of faulty metabolsm is -Answer- Intracellular accumulations The cellular change that is considered preneoplastic is -Answer-Dysplasia An important difference between skeletal and cardiac muscle is that -Answer-cardiac muscle has calcium channels on the cell surface for calcium entry The primary role of genes is to -Answer-Direct the synthesis of proteins Characteristics of smooth muscle include -Answer-Being found in blood vessels Characteristics of X-linked recessive disorders include -Answer-All daughters of affected fathers being carriers Malignant neoplasms of epithelial origin are known as -Answer-Carcinoma