PSYC 140 - Final Exam Questions And Answers Latest Updated 2025 (100% VERIFIED)

PSYC 140 - Final Exam Questions And Answers Latest Updated (100% VERIFIED) According to social psychologists Roy Baumeister and Mark Leary, human beings have a fundamental psychological need to ________. excel belong compete achieveCorrect Ans:-belong When surveyed, over 87% of Americans reported that they preferred to spend significant periods of time without other people around. were married or wanted to be married. had a social media account. lived with other people.Correct Ans:-lived with other people. Paulette recently irritated some of the girls in a sorority at her college, so they have decided to exclude her from their group. The group of girls ignores Paulette-- shuns her-- and communicates that she is not welcome at their events. The group of sorority sisters is using ________ to communicate their displeasure with Paulette. ostracism reactance affiliation social facilitationCorrect Ans:-ostracism The practices of excluding one or more individuals from a group by reducing or eliminating contract with that person, often by ignoring, shunning, or explicitly banishing them, is called ________. marginalizing prejudice ostracism peripheralizationCorrect Ans:-ostracism Researchers have studied whether being left out of a group can cause the same neural responses as physical pain. Through fMRI studies, they found that two areas of the brain - the dorsal anterior cingulate and the ________ showed heightened activity when a person experienced social ostracism. This suggests that social pain can be as problematic as physical pain! anterior insula suprachiasmatic nucleus substantia nigra posterior putamenCorrect Ans:-anterior insula What evidence supports the idea that social pain might be as devastating to a human being as physical pain? Sleep studies find that brain activity during sleep changes if one experiences social ostracism within 2 or 3 hours of going to sleep. fMRI imaging studies find similar brain areas activated by both experiences. PSYC 140 - Final Exam Questions And Answers Latest Updated (100% VERIFIED) Body temperature studies find that the human body reduces temperature in response to social pain, such as ostracism. Analyses of blood chemistry find that social pain can decrease the levels of stress hormones in one's blood.Correct Ans:-fMRI imaging studies find similar brain areas activated by both experiences. Which social psychologist produced a theory of social comparison, suggesting that in many cases people join with others to evaluate the accuracy of their own beliefs and attitudes? Leon Festinger Merrill Carlsmith Hugo Munsterberg Alfred AdlerCorrect Ans:-Leon Festinger After William went to college, he decided to join the Young Republicans club. He went to make sure that his political beliefs where shared and supported by others, and that he could feel confident that his positions were legitimate. According to Leon Festinger, William's decision to join this group was driven by the process of social ________. bias validation loafing. comparisonCorrect Ans:-comparison Which of the following statements demonstrates the process of downward social comparison? "Hey, let's all go out to the club tonight. I really don't want to go by myself, and they are having drink specials from 8 until 10 pm!" "Yes, I got an 82 on the exam, but the average class score was 71 so I'm doing better than most." "I really want a better job because all of my friends make more money than I do." "I wish that I was more attractive than I am. I really hate my own nose!"Correct Ans:-"Yes, I got an 82 on the exam, but the average class score was 71 so I'm doing better than most." When Stanley Schachter put people in ambiguous, stressful situations to observe their responses to such circumstances, what did he observe? People prefer to deal with stressful and unclear situations alone. People tend to seek out the company of others in such situations. People often distract themselves from ambiguous situations by engaging in other activities, like reading magazines or playing on cell phones. Unclear and tense situations tend to produce aggressive, even hostile behaviors in most people.Correct Ans:-People tend to seek out the company of others in such situations. The idea that one's self-concept and self-esteem is affected by the way in which an individual categorizes him- or herself as a group member is called ________ theory. realistic identification out-group homogeneity social identity in-group comparisonCorrect Ans:-social identity Aaruna believes that all fans of the Toronto Maple Leafs are strong, tough people who are loyal in any circumstance. Since he has become a fan of that sports team, he starts to think of himself in exactly these ways, and describes himself as tough, strong, and loyal. Aaruna's adjusted self-concept reflects the basic concepts of ________ theory. attributional social identity social comparison downward driftCorrect Ans:-social identity The idea that feelings of self-worth are based on our evaluation of relationships with others and membership in social groups is called _________. assignment of shared value. social facilitation. aggregate self-concept. collective self-esteemCorrect Ans:-collective self-esteem. After her high school football team loses a game, Maricella reminds herself that they are still at the top of their division, and are likely to make it to the championship at the end of the season. By taking pride in the team's superiority, Maricella is bolstering her feelings through _________. social facilitation. collective self-esteem. the fundamental attribution bias. upward social comparisonCorrect Ans:-collective self-esteem. The idea that self-esteem functions to mentally monitor one's degree of inclusion or exclusion in social groups is called the ________ model. sociometer social identity affiliative joining social comparisonCorrect Ans:-sociometer Why might it be most reasonable to state that groups may be the most useful invention of humanity? Because groups provide opportunities to compete and win, and therefore boost self-esteem. Because groups allow us to reach goals that could not be accomplished individually. Because groups give us a mirror against which to assess our own status in society. Because groups allow us to create a social hierarchy and establish dominance over others.Correct Ans:-Because groups allow us to reach goals that could not be accomplished individually. During his early work, social psychologist Normal Triplett noted that cyclists were faster in races against other riders than they were when they were racing alone against a clock. This lead to his concept of __________. actor-observer biases dominance hierarchy social loafing social facilitationCorrect Ans:-social facilitation Which circumstance provides an example of social facilitation? When working out at the gym, Josh runs faster on his treadmill when another customer is running on the treadmill beside him than he does when he's all alone. When Akira sees a customer yelling at a cashier for crushing her bread while bagging groceries, Akira assumes that the customer must be having a very bad day. When Victor is assigned to work on a group project in his sociology class, he doesn't do very much because he assumes the other group members will do his work for him. When at the library, Gina tends to take many more books than she will actually read because they are free and considered a public resource.Correct Ans:-When working out at the gym, Josh runs faster on his treadmill when another customer is running on the treadmill beside him than he does when he's all alone. Ingrid goes to a community build of a new playground where dozens have people have shown up to lend a hand. Ingrid doesn't really want to help, so she makes sure to take the easiest tasks possible, and puts very little effort into them. She does not think her lack of effort will matter or will be noticed. Ingrid is demonstrating ________. collective reduction deconstructed effort social facilitation social loafingCorrect Ans:-social loafing The Baltimore Bashers, a semi-professional football team, has been very successful this season. When interviewed, the head coach says that their success comes from having a tight-knit team of players who like and support each other and who believe that they can only be successful together. The coach is referring to group ________. facilitation identification cohesion socializationCorrect Ans:-cohesion Charlotte is forming a new medieval singing group on her college campus. There are 12 singers involved, and they are trying to determine how the group will exist. Right now there is a lot of disagreement and conflict among the singers, and they are trying to determine a solution that will make everyone happy. According to Tuckman's model, the group is in the ________ stage. storming norming forming adjourningCorrect Ans:-storming An temporary committee to address company policy on promotions was formed at the Iwanna Workhere Corporation. The group had five meetings, ironed out new wording for the promotion procedures, and is now deciding that future meetings are no longer necessary. In Tuckman's model of group formation, what stage is this group now in? adjournment storming performing normingCorrect Ans:-adjournment Anushka is generally in favor of a new candidate for Prime Minister of England, but knows that the candidate is controversial and extreme. She discusses her concerns with other people who support the candidate, and at the end of the talk they are all much more in favor of their candidate. This demonstrates the process of ________. social diffusion the bystander effect observational bias group polarizationCorrect Ans:-group polarization The tendency of a group to spend more time discussing information that several (two or more) group members know than information that is known by fewer members is called the ________ effect. groupthink ad populum social facilitation common knowledgeCorrect Ans:-common knowledge "I need the group to work quickly and come up with an answer. We don't have time to spare, so make a decision as soon as possible!" If this instruction as given to a group who was charged with making an important decision, groupthink would be more likely to occur as a result of: group cohesiveness. biased leadership. decisional stress. isolation.Correct Ans:-decisional stress Shania notices that all of her high school friends have started wearing glitter eye shadow to school. She doesn't really like the look but she wants to fit in with the crowd, so she starts wearing it too. Shania has engaged in __________. groupthink conformity compliance obedienceCorrect Ans:-conformity Which of the following is the best definition of conformity? agreeing to a direct request to engage in a particular behavior changing one's attitude or behavior to match a perceived social norm performing a specific behavior at the direct request of an authority figure communicating a direct desire to have another person alter a previously held attitudeCorrect Ans:-changing one's attitude or behavior to match a perceived social norm Which of the following factors does NOT influence conformity? the size of the group the collectivist culture of the group the unanimity of the group the age of the groupCorrect Ans:-the age of the group Research on social pressure and conformity suggests which of the following factors can help individuals resist conformity in a group? a very large group size, which decreases pressure on individuals being observed by other members, which increases individual accuracy being from a collectivist society with the desire to prove one's competence EMAIL ME: EMAIL ME: observing just one person disagreeing with the majorityCorrect Ans:-observing just one person disagreeing with the majority Which researcher is well-known for having conducted a study of conformity that involved having participants express a judgment of the sizes of lines? Stanley Milgram James Carlsmith Solomon Asch Leon FestingerCorrect Ans:-Solomon Asch In Asch's classic study of conformity, what were research participants asked to do? Taste cups of coffee and figure out which cups had the same amount of sugar added. Listen to musical notes and indicate which was the loudest. Determine which colors matched and which were different. Judge the sizes of lines that were on a card held a few feet away from them.Correct Ans:-Judge the sizes of lines that were on a card held a few feet away from them. What was one correct outcome of Asch's classic research on conformity in groups? Very few of the research participants "fell" for the trick because the correct answer was too obvious. More conformity was found in people who came from an individualistic society than those who were from a collectivist culture. Three-quarters of the participants conformed to the incorrect group norm at least one time. Men were far more likely than women to conform to a group norm.Correct Ans:-Three-quarters of the participants conformed to the incorrect group norm at least one time. Which of the following statements is true of Asch's research on conformity in groups? About two-thirds of participants agreed with the group against their beliefs, but did appear distressed. Participants conformed with the group norm on about a one-third of the total trials. Participants who resisted appeared distressed, while those who conformed were calm. Participants who conformed appeared distressed, while those who resisted were calm.Correct Ans:-Participants conformed with the group norm on about a one-third of the total trials. Under which of the following circumstances would you expect a person to demonstrate the highest level of conformity in Solomon Asch's research protocol? Anquaan has to indicate his answer by pressing the associated number on a keyboard. Orlando has to give his choice out loud. Marsha has to write down her answer and submit it to the experimenter. Yadier has to tell his selection by holding up one, two, or three fingers.Correct Ans:-Orlando has to give his choice out loud. Based on your understanding of the research of Solomon Asch, you know that of all of the following choices, the person most likely to demonstrate conformity would be: Guillermo, a 62-year old Italian man Mika, a 23-year old Japanese woman Marie, a 50-year old French woman Sven, a 42-year old Swedish manCorrect Ans:-Mika, a 23-year old Japanese woman