WCU Patho Ch. Exam Questions and Answers (Graded A)

WCU Patho Ch. Exam Questions and Answers (Graded A) Type I hypersensitivity -Answer-is an immediate allergic or anaphylactic (ex. anaphylactic shock/ allergic response) type of reaction mediated primarily by sensitized mast cells. The reaction is initiated when IgE antibodies located on the mast cell membrane are bound by antigen, with subsequent cross-linking of IgE receptors. Mast cell degranulation releases chemicals that mediate the signs and symptoms of anaphylaxis. Released histamine, kinin, prostaglandins, interleukins, and leukotrienes cause increased vascular permeability, vasodilation, hypotension, urticaria, and bronchoconstriction. Examples of type I reactions include drug reactions, bee sting reactions, and asthma. Type II hypersensitivity -Answer-occurs when antibodies are formed against antigens on cell surfaces, usually resulting in lysis of target cells.Cell lysis may be mediated by activated complement fragments (membrane attack complex) or by phagocytic cells that are attracted to target cells by the attached antibodies.Examples include transfusion reactions, erythroblastosis fetalis, myasthenia gravis, and hyperacute graft rejection. Igg igm Soon body contact with other cell if foreign immediately will kill the cell Foeign tissue Cell immediately attach Ex Organ transplant 15-30mins Type III hypersensitivity -Answer-reactions occur when antigen-antibody complexes are deposited in tissues and result in the activation of complement and subsequent tissue inflammation and destruction. Antigen-antibody complexes activate the complement cascade and subsequently attract phagocytic cells to the tissue. History of persistent low-grade infections, inhalation of antigens into alveoli, and autoimmune production of antibodies may result in chronic production of antigen-antibody complexes. Examples include glomerulonephritis and SLE. Autoimmune igg Antigent antibot Attract nutrophil 6 hrs Infection Allergic Body attack cell itself and look at nonself cell Artemis diease attack own cell Lupus Farmers lung Arthritis and vasculitis 6 hours Type IV hypersensitivity -Answer-reactions are T-cell mediated and do not require antibody production, in contrast to type I, II, and III reactions. Sensitized T cells react with altered or foreign cells and initiate inflammation. Contact dermatitis, tuberculin reactions, transplant rejection, and graft-versus-host disease are examples. 24-48 hours INFLAMATION REACTION 24-48 HRS DELAYED IN THE DERMIS TB TEST DELAY HEYPERSENSITIVITY Leukemia, lymphoma, and plasma cell myeloma (multiple myeloma) -Answer-common neoplastic disorders of the bone marrow and lymphoid tissues Malignant Disorders of White Blood Cells - Leukemias -Answer-Leukemias—circulating tumors that are disseminated from the beginning of the disease process; primarily involve blood and bone marrow -location Maligancy Of WBC in blood and bone marrow Malignant Disorders of White Blood Cells - Lymphoma -Answer-tends to localize in lymph tissues; is often disseminated to other sites at diagnosis (malignancy WBC in lymphatic tissue ) -maligancy WBC in lymphatic tissue Malignant Disorders of White Blood Cells - Plasma cell myeloma -Answer-malignant transformation of B-cell plasma cells;