Pathophysiology (WCU w- Song) FINAL Exam Questions and Answers

Pathophysiology (WCU w- Song) FINAL Exam Questions and Answers Etiology -Answer-The study of the causes or reasons for phenomena Pathogenesis -Answer-development or evolution of a disease idiopathic -Answer-unknown cause of disease Examples of idiopathic disease -Answer-Primary/essential hypertension or gene mutation Iatrogenic -Answer-Cause is the result of an unintended or unwanted medical treatment (medication, medical procedures, or surgery) Examples of Iatrogenic disease -Answer-Diuretics and dialysis will lead to patient loss of K+ resulting in hypokalemia Risk factors -Answer-Factors when present increases the likelihood of the disease Clinical Manifestations -Answer-Signs, symptoms, or syndrome of disease Signs -Answer-objective or observed manifestation of disease, something we can see. Eg. a bruise or cut Symptoms -Answer-Subjective characteristics of disease felt only by the patient. Eg. Headaches and pain Syndrome -Answer-Set of signs and symptoms has not yet been determined exacerbation -Answer-a sudden increase in severity of disease, signs, or symptoms Remission -Answer-decrease in severity, signs, or symptoms; may indicate disease is cured Sensitivity -Answer-probability that a test will be positive when applied to a person with a particular condition Homeostasis -Answer--A state of being in which are all systems are balances around a particular ideal "set-Point" despite alteration in the body. -A state of equilibrium -Remains stable while being the same. Negative feed back loop -Answer-to sense and correct any deviation from the set point variable Allostasis -Answer-process by which the body reestablish or maintain homeostasis through physiological and behavioral change. -The ability to successfully adapt to challenges -Intricate regulatory process orchestrated by the brain Stressor -Answer--anything that throws the body out of allostatic balance General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS) -Answer-Seyle's concept that the body responds to stress with alarm, resistance and exhaustion alarm stage of GAS -Answer--fight or flight response, provides a surge of energy and physical alterations to evade or confront danger. Alarm stage process (acute stress) -Answer-The hypothalamus secretes corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH) CRH activates the sympathetic nervous system and then the adrenal medulla to secrete a catecholamine (norepinephrine and epinephrine). This allows the body to rapidly take action to flight or flight. Alarm stage process (chronic stress) -Answer-the hypothalamus also secretes CRH to stimulate the anterior pituitary gland to release adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) ACTH causes the adrenal cortex to release glucocorticoids (cortisol and aldosterone) The effects is terminated at the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. Resistance stage -Answer-the second stage of the general adaption syndrome, the body returns to homeostasis, its normal state Resistance stage process -Answer-The sympathetic nervous system, the adrenal medulla, and the cortex are functioning at full force to mobilize resources to manage the stressor. Glucose, free fatty acid, amino acids are elevated. The resources are used for energy for growth repairs and return to a steady state. Allostatic state -Answer-activity of various systems attempting to restore homeostasis exhaustation stage -Answer-Occurs when the body no longer able to effect a return to homeostasis following prolonged exposure to noxious agent. Energy resources is depleted and death occurs. Allostatic overload -Answer-Cost of body organs and tissues for an excessive or ineffectively regulated allostatic response, wear and tear on the body Catecholamines -Answer-plays an integral role in allostasis. -epinephrine and norepinephrine Sympatico-adrenal system response -Answer-mediate the flight of flight response Norepinephrine -Answer--constricts blood vessels and raises blood pressure (alpha receptors) -reduces gastric secretion -increase night and far vision Epinephrine -Answer--Enhances myocardial contractibility, increases heart rate and increases cardiac output. (beta receptors) -Causes bronchodilation (beta 2 receptors) -Increase the release of glucose from the liver and elevates blood glucose levels (glycogenolysis) -inhibits insulin secretion adrenocorticol steroids -Answer--critical to maintenance of homeostasis -may synergize or antagonize effects of catcholamines -Cortisol, primary glucocorticod Cortisol -Answer--affects protein metabolism -Promote appetite and food seeking behaviors -has anti-inflammatory effects (immune response) -stimulate gluconeogenesis Aldoseterone -Answer--primary mineralcorticoid -promote reabsorption of sodium and water (fluid volume) -increase blood pressure Cell injury -Answer-reversible and irreversible Reversible cell injury -Answer-Hydropic swelling and intracellular accumulatio