GENES AND GENETIC
ENGINEERING
, GENETICS DEFINITIONS:
HEREDITARY
- Passing on of traits/
WHAT IS GENETICS? characteristics from one
- Study of hereditary and the variations that occur as genes generation to the next
are passed on through various generations
GENES
- a section of DNA (series of
- Half of the hereditary information in an organism is nucleotides/bases) that
inherited from each parent via the gametes controls hereditary
characteristics (trait) i.e. it is
GREGOR MENDEL (1822-1884): the basic unit of heredity in
living organisms
- Austrian Monk, often called Father GENE POOLS
of Genetics -the set of all genes, or
genetic information, in a
population of sexually
- Responsible for the irst major
reproducing
breakthrough in the study of organisms
hereditary
ALLELE
- This was by investigating the -One or two or more forms
of a gene
transfer of characteristics from one
generation to the next GAMETE
-reproductive / sex cell
- He realized that “something” was passed on from each
COMPLETE DOMINANCE
parent to produce o spring. - a characteristic that is fully
expressed in the phenotype
- Realized that sexual reproduction combines these of a heterozygous organism is
“somethings” from each parent to produce o springs that the dominant alleles
are unique, yet the same
CONTINUOUS VARIATION
- graduations of characteristic
- 1866: published his work, not recognized until 1900 in a phenotype, e.g. height in
humans, skin colour,
- Mendel’s indings were gradually accepted metabolic rate and longevity
GENOME
- Other biologists used his research for their own studies - the complete set of genetic
instructions (genes)
- Mendelian genetics is studied and taught throughout the necessary to create an
organism
world
GENETIC ENGINEERING/
- Gregor Mendel died in Brunn, Jan 6 1884 MODIFICATION
- The direct manipulation of
the genes in an organism
His ‘somethings’ are genes, which are part of DNA molecules
in chromosomes
The amount of genetic material does not necessarily re lect the level of advancement of an
organism. For example some ferns have over 600 chromosomes and the lung ish, very primitive
animal, has forty times more DNA than we have. This is because they have a large number of
repetitive DNA molecules.
f fff ff f f
, GENES AND ALLELES
- Each chromatid is made up of one,
helical DNA molecule
- Each DNA molecule is made up of
a series of genes
-Each gene
occurs at a
speci ic ixed
location on a
chromosome,
called the locus
of a gene
- The locus determines a particular trait in an organism
- Each chromosome has several 100 - 1000 genes. Total no. of genes in human: 20
000 - 25 000
- All somatic cells (nearly) have an exact copy of all the genes in that organism
- The maternal and paternal chromosome in each cell contains two of each kind of
gene, variations known as alleles
- Gene pool is the set of all the genes in a population.
- A large gene pool indicates high genetic diversity, therefore increased
chances of survival
- A small gene pool indicates low genetic diversity and increased
possibility of extinction
HOW ACTIVE ARE GENES?
- All cells have full DNA, however only the genes needed are activated. The rest are
suppressed.
- Di erent genes are activated in di erent cells. This created the speci ic proteins
that gives a partial cell type it’s character.
- I.E. bone cells, brain cells, hair cells.
- Some genes are active is many types of cells
- They make proteins needed for basic functions. Called ‘housekeeping cells’
- A large amount of DN is non-coding. It is found between genes and do not code for
proteins
- Less than 2% of DNA codes for protein
ff f
f ff f
ENGINEERING
, GENETICS DEFINITIONS:
HEREDITARY
- Passing on of traits/
WHAT IS GENETICS? characteristics from one
- Study of hereditary and the variations that occur as genes generation to the next
are passed on through various generations
GENES
- a section of DNA (series of
- Half of the hereditary information in an organism is nucleotides/bases) that
inherited from each parent via the gametes controls hereditary
characteristics (trait) i.e. it is
GREGOR MENDEL (1822-1884): the basic unit of heredity in
living organisms
- Austrian Monk, often called Father GENE POOLS
of Genetics -the set of all genes, or
genetic information, in a
population of sexually
- Responsible for the irst major
reproducing
breakthrough in the study of organisms
hereditary
ALLELE
- This was by investigating the -One or two or more forms
of a gene
transfer of characteristics from one
generation to the next GAMETE
-reproductive / sex cell
- He realized that “something” was passed on from each
COMPLETE DOMINANCE
parent to produce o spring. - a characteristic that is fully
expressed in the phenotype
- Realized that sexual reproduction combines these of a heterozygous organism is
“somethings” from each parent to produce o springs that the dominant alleles
are unique, yet the same
CONTINUOUS VARIATION
- graduations of characteristic
- 1866: published his work, not recognized until 1900 in a phenotype, e.g. height in
humans, skin colour,
- Mendel’s indings were gradually accepted metabolic rate and longevity
GENOME
- Other biologists used his research for their own studies - the complete set of genetic
instructions (genes)
- Mendelian genetics is studied and taught throughout the necessary to create an
organism
world
GENETIC ENGINEERING/
- Gregor Mendel died in Brunn, Jan 6 1884 MODIFICATION
- The direct manipulation of
the genes in an organism
His ‘somethings’ are genes, which are part of DNA molecules
in chromosomes
The amount of genetic material does not necessarily re lect the level of advancement of an
organism. For example some ferns have over 600 chromosomes and the lung ish, very primitive
animal, has forty times more DNA than we have. This is because they have a large number of
repetitive DNA molecules.
f fff ff f f
, GENES AND ALLELES
- Each chromatid is made up of one,
helical DNA molecule
- Each DNA molecule is made up of
a series of genes
-Each gene
occurs at a
speci ic ixed
location on a
chromosome,
called the locus
of a gene
- The locus determines a particular trait in an organism
- Each chromosome has several 100 - 1000 genes. Total no. of genes in human: 20
000 - 25 000
- All somatic cells (nearly) have an exact copy of all the genes in that organism
- The maternal and paternal chromosome in each cell contains two of each kind of
gene, variations known as alleles
- Gene pool is the set of all the genes in a population.
- A large gene pool indicates high genetic diversity, therefore increased
chances of survival
- A small gene pool indicates low genetic diversity and increased
possibility of extinction
HOW ACTIVE ARE GENES?
- All cells have full DNA, however only the genes needed are activated. The rest are
suppressed.
- Di erent genes are activated in di erent cells. This created the speci ic proteins
that gives a partial cell type it’s character.
- I.E. bone cells, brain cells, hair cells.
- Some genes are active is many types of cells
- They make proteins needed for basic functions. Called ‘housekeeping cells’
- A large amount of DN is non-coding. It is found between genes and do not code for
proteins
- Less than 2% of DNA codes for protein
ff f
f ff f
