NURS 6501 Endocrine

NURS 6501 Endocrine Autocrine Control in a cell Paracrine Control / communication between local cells Endocrine control/ communication between cells that are far from each other Hormone secretion pattern a) Diurnal b) pulsatile and cyclic c) Patterns that depend on levels of circulating substrates ELISA Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay: used to determine circulating hormone levels. a technique used to detect antibodies or infectious agents in a sample. Antibodies are made in response to infection and so an antibody ELISA can indicate whether or not an animal has been in contact with a certain virus. Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) Anterior pituitary Stimulates release of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH): modulates prolactin secretion Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) Anterior Pituitary Simulates release of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) Somatostatin Anterior Pituitary Inhibits release of growth hormone (GH) and TSH Growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) Anterior Pituitary Stimulates release of GH Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) Anterior Pituitary Stimulates the release of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and Beta-Endorphin Substance P Anterior Pituitary Inhibits synthesis and release of ACTH; Stimulates secretion of GH, FSH, LH, and prolactin Prolactin-hinhibiting factor (PIF, dopamine) Anterior Pituitary Inhibits synthesis and secretion of prolactin Prolactin-releasing factor (PFR) Anterior Pituitary Stimulates secretion of prolactin Somatopause a gradual and progressive decrease in growth hormone secretion that occurs normally with increasing age during adult life and is associated with an increase in adipose tissue and LDL levels and a decrease in lean body mass SIADH syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone -hypoatremia caused by hemodilution, treated with fluid restriction Associated with brain injury, surgical procedures with certain forms of cancer related ectopic secretion of ADH by tumor cells and medications. diabetes insipidus (DI) antidiuretic hormone (ADH) is not secreted, or there is a resistance of the kidney to ADH Classic S/S: Polyuria and Polydipsia Hypopituitarism condition of diminished hormone secretion from the anterior pituitary gland Primary: Dysfunction of the pituitary; results from tumor, trauma, infections, stroke, or surgical removal. Secondary: dysfunction of the hypothalamus hyperpituitarism Caused by pituitary adenomas. Expansion causes neurologic and secretory effects Pressure from growth can cause visual disturbances and dysfuction of the hypothalamus / some cranial nerves. Growth Hormone Deficiency causes increased body fat, increased muscle mass, psychological problems in adults. Dwarfism in children. Hypersecretion of GH Causes giantism. People affected grow up to 8-9 feet with normal proportions. It is due to tumors. Long-term S/E are body and connective tissue issues, and slow development of dysfunction of renal / thyroid/ reproductive systems. Grave's Disease/ hyperthyroidism an autoimmune disorder characterized by the excessive production of thyroid hormones hyperactivity, sensitivity to heat, weight loss, tachycardia, diarrhea, exophthalmos ( bulging eyes), nervousness, jittery Tx: irradiation, surgery Primary Hypothyroidism The most common cause in the US is Hashimoto thyroiditis (autoimmune, can be genetic). It is characterized by decreased thyroxine (T4) and increased TSH (lack of feedback inhibition) causing goiter formation. T3 on the other hand is converted from T4 in peripheral tissues so it may be normal until relatively late stage disease. S/S decreased energy, metabolism, decreased heat production, myxedema hyperparathyroidism hypersecretion of the parathyroid glands, usually caused by a tumor Primary: interruption of the normal mechanisms that regulate calcium and PTH levels. S/S chronic hypercalcemia, increased bone resorption, hypercalciuria. Secondary: compensatory response to hypocalcemia nd occurs with chronic renal falure and Vit D deficiency Hypoparathyroidism hyposecretion of the parathyroid glands because of thyroid surgery, autoimmunity, or genetic mechanisms. T1D Loss of beta cells, presence of islet cell antibody, lack of insulin, excess of glucagon, and altered metabolism of fat / protein / carbs. Cause: gradual destruction of beta cells, genetic susceptibility. D: elevated plasma glucose concentrations and A1C. S/S: polyuria, polydipsia Ketoacidosis increased levels of circulating ketones without the inhibiting effects of insulin. Type 2 Diabetes Genetic susceptibility that is triggered by environmental factors. (OBESITY!) Some insulin is produced, but the weight and number of beta cells is decreased. Decreased levels of insulin, amylin, ghrelin, and incretins and glucagon concentration is increased.