THEORIES OF ADOLESCENT DEVELOPMENT - PSYCHOLOGY OF ADOLESCENCE EXAM REVIEW 2024

THEORIES OF ADOLESCENT DEVELOPMENT - PSYCHOLOGY OF ADOLESCENCE EXAM REVIEW 2024 PLATO - ANS-Adolescent ability to reason becomes apparent ARISTOTLE - ANS-The ability to make a choice in Adolescence SELF-DETERMINATION the hallmark of maturity. ROUSSEAU - ANS-Restored belief that being a child or an adolescent is NOT the same as being an adult (as had been presumed in the middle ages) Suggested development had stages G. STANLEY HALL - ANS-Father of scientific study of adolescence Proposed development as controlled by our genetics Decreed adolescence as a time of "Storm and Stress" MARGARET MEAD - ANS-Anthropology Socio-cultural view of adolescence. Stated that it is up to CULTURE to provide a smooth transition from childhood to adulthood. INVENTIONISTS' VIEW - ANS-Adolescence is a socio-historical creation. Laws ensured the dependency rather than independence of youth. (1890s to 1920s) JOSEPH ADELSON - ANS-Developed the term "ADOLESCENT GENERALISATION GAP" in response to stereotypes that were being developed for adolescents. Stereotypes were based on a small but highly visible group of youth. DANIEL OFFER - ANS-Conducted cross-sectional self-image study of adolescents around the world. 73% of adolescents studied had a healthy self-image and exhibited positivity towards family, work and school. JEFFREY ARNETT - ANS-Identified several key features that occur during emerging adulthood. Identity Exploration; feeling in-between; instability; self-focussed; age of possibilities. PSYCHOANALYTIC DEVELOPMENT - ANS-Development primarily depends on the unconscious mind and is heavily couched in emotion. (Freud; Erikson) SIGMUND FREUD - ANS-PSYCHOLANALYTIC DEVELOPMENT 5 STAGES of psychosexual development 1. Oral 2. Anal 3. Phallic 4. Latency 5. Genital ERIK ERIKSON - ANS-PSYCHOSOCIAL DEVELOPMENT - IDENTITY FORMATION 8 psychosocial stages of development 1. Trust vs Mistrust 2. Autonomy vs Shame & Doubt 3. Initiative vs Guilt 4. Industry vs Inferiority 5. Identity vs Role confusion 6. Intimacy vs Isolation 7. Generativity vs Stagnation 8. Ego Integrity vs Despair COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT - ANS-Emphasises thinking, reasoning, language and other cognitive processes. (Piaget; Vygotsky; Information Processing Approach) JEAN PIAGET - ANS-COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT 4 stages of Cognitive development 1. Sensorimotor (0-2) 2. Pre-operational (2-7) 3. Concrete Operational (7-12) 4. Formal Operational (12 onwards) LEV VYGOTSKY - ANS-SOCIOCULTURAL DEVELOPMENT Emphasises how culture and social interaction guide human development Cognitive development stems from social relationships. Developed the ZONE OF PROXIMAL DEVELOPMENT INFORMATION PROCESSING APPROACH - ANS-• Individuals manipulate information, monitor it and strategise about it. • ATTENTION and MEMORY • Sensory memory; Short term memory; Working memory; Long term memory. Information processing incorporates: • CREATIVITY - think in original and novel ways to find solutions CONTINUES...