AICE Psychology 12 Experiments (Noroski) Questions with Correct Solutions, R A+

Milgram - aim? - To investigate what level of obedience would be shown when participants were told by an authority figure to administer electric shocks to another person Milgram - participants/sample? - VOLUNTARY/SELF-SELECT 40 white males aged 20-50 from New Haven, Connecticut; wide range of education levels; answered ad in newspaper; paid 4.50 Milgram - results? - QUAN: all P's got to at least 300 volts; 65% (26) went to 450 QUAL: amount of stress and tension observed by P's Milgram - conclusions? - -anxiety: sweating, trembling, nervous laughter, biting lip -3 had seizures -most found experiment stressful and wanted to stop -2 surprise findings: amount of obedience and extreme tension Milgram - strengths and weakness? - S: easy to replicate and standardized W: high Demand Characteristics and not generalizable Pilliavin - aim? - To investigate whether diffusion of responsibility applies in all situations and what other factors might influence helping behavior Pilliavin - participants/sample? - OPPORTUNITY SAMPLE 4 groups of 4 stooges (2M2F): males played victim & observer; 1 team had black victim; white female observers Subway participants: 43 avg of riders per section; 55% white and 45% black; 4500 people estimated Pilliavin - results? - QUAN: 93% spontaneous help; cane 100% w and w/o model, avg 5 sec; drunk 86% help w/o model, 75% w model, avg 109 sec; men 90% of first helpers QUAL: comments made by women "I'm not strong enough" "That's a man's job" and looks of disgust by other riders Pilliavin - conclusion? - No diffusion of responsibility was found (people helped) Pilliavin - strengths and weaknesses? - S: standardized procedure and highly generalizable W: no women as victims and ethical considerations Yamamoto - aims? - -to investigate whether chimpanzees have the ability and flexibility to help another chimp depending on its specific needs -the research team had also noted that the chimps. seldom help others w/o being asked and they wanted to investigate Yamamoto - participants/sample? - OPPORTUNITY SAMPLE 5 mother-offspring pairs Yamamoto - results? - CAN SEE: 90% came after other chimp requested help; 4 chimps offered stick or straw first (Pan=brush); only 3 chimps tested in 2nd can see condition CANNOT SEE: 71.1% came after request; Ayumu looked through hole Yamamoto - conclusions? - -provides evidence for the chimps flexible targeted helping based on an understanding of the needs or goals of another chimp -they still seldom help others w/o a direct request Yamamoto - strengths and weaknesses? - S: repeated measure design increases reliability and standardized procedure W: lacked mundane realism and low generalizability Bandura - aim? - To demonstrate that learning can occur through mere observation of a model and that imitation can occur in the absence of that model Bandura - participants/sample? - OPPORTUNITY SAMPLE 36M36F from University Nursery School; 3 y/o to almost 6 y/o (37-69 months, avg 52 months)