NUR 641E final Exam All Possible Questions and Answers with complete solution

Pharmacokinetics involves - Answer absorption, distribution, metabolism and elimination). Absorption: - Answer absorption from the administration site either directly or indirectly into the blood/plasma. Distribution: - Answer reversibly or irreversibly move from the bloodstream into the interstitial and intracellular Metabolism: - Answer biotransformed via hepatic metabolism or by other tissues. Elimination: - Answer tissues. lastly, the drug and its metabolites are eliminated from the body. route of administration with the highest bioavailability - Answer intravenous; putting entire dose into a patient's vein and bypassing absorption. avoids first-pass metabolism - Answer Intravenous route administration has variable and erratic absorption. n - Answer Rectal administration 4. Steady state (SS) - Answer absorption. n is usually reached within 4-5 half-lives of drug. Half-life of a drug is - Answer how long it takes for half the drug to be excreted from the body. Determines how frequently the drug must be administered. Predicts how long toxic effects can constant with first-order pharmacokinetics of a drug. Zero-order (nonlinear) pharmacokinetics - Answer means a drug is metabolized at a constant rate per unit time. CYP3A4 substrate drugs - Answer may have enhanced activity if any CYP3A4 inducer drugs are used along with it.Drug development process involves these steps according to the FDA: - Answer Discovery: laboratory research to develop the new drug. Preclinical research with animal testing for safety (Phase I). Clinical research on human subjects for medication safety (Phase II). Clinical research in humans comparing the new drug to accepted medications placebo depending on the study (Phase III). FDA review of the results to determine approval. Post marketing study to identify adverse effects not found in earlier clinical studies (Phase IV) 2. Medication safety organizations - Answer The Institute for Safe Medication Practices (ISMP) The Institute of Medicine (IOM) The Joint Commission The National Coordinating Council for Medication Error Reporting and Prevention (NCC MERP) Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Safe Use Initiative Two basic type of ADRS: - Answer pharmacological and idiosyncratic. 85% to 90% of ADRS - Answer are pharmacological. Adverse drug reactions are usually preventable, - Answer frequently occur in a hospital or nursing home setting, and include medication errors, adverse drug effects, and allergic idiosyncratic type reactions. ADRS are not commonly reported; - Answer the FDA does not mandate that ADRS be reported. Polypharmacy - Answer involves using multiple health care providers for care, using multiple medications, and using several pharmacies prescription filling