NR 293 Pharm-Exam 1 Study with correctly explained test.

NR 293 Pharm-Exam 1 Study with correctly explained test. What are the more common categories of antibiotic types? (Mnemonic: Some People Can Make Quick Angry Tatertots) - correct answers.Sulfonamides, penicillins, cephalosporins, macrolides, quinolones, aminoglycosides, tetracyclines. (Text, pg 604) What are the 4 most common mechanisms of antibiotic action? - correct answers.1). Interference with bacterial wall synthesis 2). Interference with protein synthesis 3). Interference with replication of nucleic acids 4). Antimetabolite action that disrupts critical metabolic reactions inside the cell (Text, pg 604) What should be taken prior to the administration of an antibiotic if possible? - correct answers.A culture (blood, sputum, wound, etc.) -A broad spectrum antibiotic can then be administered following the sample collection (empiric therapy) until the culture is grown, and can identify the strain of bacterial infection. The antibiotic can then be switched to a different type that is more specific to the treatment of that particular infection strain (definitive therapy). (PP Slide 13) What is meant by the term "Empiric therapy" in regards to antibiotic therapy? - correct answers.Treatment of an infection before specific culture information has been reported or obtained. (PP Slide 13) What is meant by "Definitive therapy" in regards to antibiotic therapy? - correct answers.Antibiotic therapy tailored to treat organism identified with cultures (PP Slide 13) What is meant by "Prophylactic therapy" in regards to antibiotic treatment? - correct answers.Treatment with antibiotics to prevent an infection such as those received before and after surgeries and traumatic injuries. What is a therapeutic response to antibiotic therapy? What are some indications of this? - correct answers.It means the antibiotic is working correctly. This is indicated by decreases in specific s/s of the noted infection (fever decreasing, elevated WBC counts returning to normal levels, resolution of redness, inflammation decrease, drainage cessation, pain reduction) What is a subtherapeutic response? - correct answers.S/S of the infection do not improve with antibiotic therapy What is a superinfection? - correct answers.This can occur as a result of an antibiotic dropping the levels of the normal flora, or killing them completely. When these are killed off, other non-normative body flora begin to grow and cause an infection. (Ex: a vaginal yeast infection) What is Pseudomembranous colitis? - correct answers.This is a type of superinfection that tends to have a higher level of severity. It is better known as Clostridium Difficile, or commonly C. Diff. -This is brought on by the elimination of normal gut flora which is then replaced by the C.Diff bacteria. - The most common s/s is watery foul smelling diarrhea occurring frequently, fever, abdominal pain and cramping. What is a secondary infection? - correct answers.A type of superinfection as well. It occurs when a second infection closely follows the initial infection, and comes from an external source. What is meant by "host-factors" in regards to antibiotic therapy? - correct answers.Important factors that pertain to the patient specifically. Examples can include age, history, allergies, pregnancy, kidney and liver function, site of infection, host defense mechanisms (immunocompromisation) Drugs that cause developmental abnormalities in the fetus of a pregnant woman taking them are known as what? - correct answers.Teratogens Some patients have certain genetic abnormalities that result in various enzyme deficiencies. Name two of the more common ones. - correct answers.-Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) -Slow acetylation Explain slow acetylation - correct answers.These type of patients have a physiologic makeup that causes certain drugs to be metabolized more slowly than usual in a chemical step known as acetylation. This can lead to toxicity from drug accumulation.