AFST 235 Exam 1 Questions and Answers Already Graded A

AFST 235 Exam 1 Questions and Answers Already Graded A Lewis Henry Morgan claims that civilized peoples live in cities, use writing, and have organized states T/F- The Mabiti leader ensured loyalty by ruling through family ties, such as marriage alliances and by appointing family members as chiefs True Which body of water does not border the continent of Africa? Black Sea Which is not one of the three major African environments> Tundra Most of the northern third of the African continent is made up of the ____ Desert Sahara Where did humankind first originate? Africa T/F- Darwin's ideas were controversial because they opposed the creation story True Which one of the following is not evidence used to show that human early evolution took place in Africa? Written scripts The earliest known hominids were the Australopithecines According to the "out-of-Africa hypothesis" Modern humans originated in Africa, and began migrating to the rest of the world about 100,000 years ago T/F- Racial differences are the result of local adaptations to climate and environment not because of membership to different 'races' or 'species' True Late stone age ornaments and tools used to acquire food were made of stone, bones, leather, or eggshell The most vivid evidence of Late Stone Age life comes from paintings and engravings on cave walls Which of the following were used to hunt animals? poison-tipped arrow and specially-shaped microliths Which is not a Late Stone Age technological advance? iron spears Which were sources of food in the Late Stone Age? gathering, hunting, fishing T/F- In most Late Stone Age communities, the division of labor required that men enjoyed a higher status than women False T/F- Late stone age societies were generally non-egalitarian; they conferred a special status to the most successful hunters False T/F- The spread of language and culture across Africa during the Stone Age occurred as a process of displacement of people groups False How many indigenous language families of modern Africa are there according to linguists? 4 Major language group of the middle Nile and Niger river bend, south-west of the Ethiopian highlands and across the savanna south of the Sahara Nilo-Saharan Major language group of the nile cataracts of northern sudan, the red sea, the ethiopian highlands, north-eastern Kenya and across north Africa Afro-Asiatic Major language group of south-central, southern Africa and tanzania Khoisan Major language group of the woodland savanna of West Africa and west of the middle Nile Niger-Congo Scientists now calculate that all living humans are related to a single woman, a "mitochondrial Eve", who lived roughly ___ years ago 150,000 When a plant or animal has, over generations, become dependent on human assistance, it is said to have become ____ domesticated Which of the following were domesticated by the Nilo-Saharans between 9000 and 5000 BCE watermelons, cotton, cattle, gourds Tef, noog, and enset are ____ high yielding crops developed by Afro-Asiatic speakers of the Ethiopian highlands In the wetlands of the inland delta of the upper Niger river, ____ was domesticated between 3000 and 1000 BCE rice What two factors contribute significantly to the existence of political leadership among these settled communities? high levels of agricultural production and need to coordinate cultivation What important implications did the development of farming have on Late Stone Age African social processes? African societies no longer needed to be perpetually on the move in search of food, the population increased, social groups and occupations not engaged in agricultural production emerged Which of the following were pastoralists' livestock not usually used for? to trade for agricultural crops During the wet phase, large fishing settlements were formed where? Middle Africa Pastoralism developed in drier grasslands or higher altitude plateaus because ____ of the absence of the tsetse fly In a natural economy, wealth is determined in terms of all of the following except for cash money What discovery revealed insights into the life of saharan pastoralists during neolithic times? cave and rock paintings depicting aspects of everyday life Around 5000 BCE African human communities migrated from central sahara to the nile river valley because the desert became increasingly hotter, drier, and larger in size true When did permanent agricultural settlements of full-time farmers became established in the valley of the Nile BCE In 3100 BCE, King Narmer of ____ conquered ____ beginning a 3000 year long civilization upper egypt, lower egypt What happened to the surplus harvest of egyptian farmers? it was collected as tax The kingdom was divided in ___ local districts, each overseen by a ___ appointed by the ___ 40, governor, pharaoh What were the most important state practices of Ancient Egypt conquest, collection of taxes and integrating economy Select the option that that presents the three centralized, unified, and indigenous kingdoms of ancient egypt in the correct chronological order Old kingdom, middle kingdom, and new kingdom Which statement best characterizes the New Kingdom of Egypt? Ancient Egypt was an expansionist state T/F- Since social standing was not highly emphasized in life, the type of burial an Ancient Egyptian received was not very reflective of his/her class False Which of the following is true of ancient egyptians? they were dependent on the Nile During its 3000 years of existence, Ancient Egypt did all of the following except for lack any substantial change Diop claims that Ancient Egypt was a black civilization What caused the developed divisions between rich and poor in society? growth in personal possessions, production of surplus, existence of non-food producing classes what disease does the tsetse fly cause? sleeping sickness What tool did the inhabitants of Middle Africa use to fish? shell hooks; fish-traps; bone harpoons Changes in social organization that occurred as the result of development of farming people began to live in larger settlements; the population increased; they no longer needed to be perpetually on the move in search for food What was a disadvantage of farming at one settled place? more affect by natural disasters like drought or flood In the wetlands of the inland delta of the upper Niger a west african rice was domesticated between 3000 and 1000 BCE and this was later spread to the higher rainfall forest margins of _____, _____, and ______ guinea, liberia, and cote d'ivoire T/F- iron-smelting technology involves a complex chemical process of extracting iron from ore True What is the main source of archaeological evidence of iron smelting? waste slag from furnaces T/F- the theory that iron smelting technology 'diffused' from one source is widely accepted by historians and archeologists False Which statement is the most accurate regarding African early Iron Age technology? Africans in different regions on the continent separately invented iron-smelting techniques? The Nok Culture was among the earliest to master iron working and an archetype of African art Which of the following two states share a clear artistic link with the iron-working farmers of central Nigeria? benin and ife Which of the following is a nubian kingdom that was conquered by egypt in the 8th century BCE? Kush ____, a nubian kingdom, became Africa's first iron age state, based on the production and use of iron Meroe With decline of egyptian control of nubia around 1100 BCE, the ____ formed when indigenous rulers re-asserted their independence and established a political capital Kingdom of Kush The island of Meroe refers to the region between what two rivers? Nile and Atbara the kingdom of meroe came to an end sometime after _____ 300 CE Sinai was one of the earliest known sites for the mining of what resource? copper people of this era discovered that smelting copper and tin together made what metal? bronze what qualities of gold have ensured that it remains very valuable over the ages? relatively scarce, does not tarnish or lose luster, easy to work why is iron more superior compared to copper and bronze? much harder, can be sharpened to a finer edge, widely available in certain regions what is true of the use of iron? smelting iron is compex, requires chemical component; requires large quantities of charcoal where did the personal wealth of meroitic kings come from? control over trade What was the largest and most famous settlement of the phoenicians? carthage ____ during this era was an extremely dangerous and hazardous undertaking trade across the sahara which of hte following supported the economic development of the 'island of Meroe'? good rainfall, land rich in iron ore and hardwood timber, strategically created state what was the first official language of Meroe? egyptian T/F- the population of meroe lived in mud and reed houses, clustered in cosmopolitan city centers and ruled over by authoritarian kings located in the capital False whta was the start of the decline of meroe? a raid in syene where they destroyed roman valuables and turned them against them T/F- meroe practiced more democratic forms of politics and governance than egypt true What does Bantu refer to? language family belonging the the wider Niger-Congro linguistic group which is spoken over much of Africa The movement of Bantu speakers facilitated the spread of ___ technology iron Which of the following is not a significant type of archaeological evidence? grain and vegetable fossils Urewe, Nkope, and Kwale are ____ Eastern stream styles of pottery T/F- The basis of the Early Iron Age economy was trade False T/F- Peoples of the Early Iron Age stopped hunting and gathering False The 5th-8th century of the Early Iron Age is characterized by _____ the identification of local natural resources, their development, extraction and usage Villages of the Early Iron Age ____ consisted of an extended family and dependents Which of the following does not describe the kin-based societies of the Early Iron Age? women normally assumed overall control of the community T/F- One important effect of the iron revolution is that African communities moved from a more egalitarian society to a hierarchical society True T/F- Although Stone Age hunter-gatherers and Early Iron Age farmers lived in close proximity, they had so little social interaction and transactions that they did not transform or affect one another. False Before radiocarbon dating, the main source of historical evidence about the Bantu speakers was ____ oral traditions Early Bantu speaker's main crops included all of the following except _______________. corn What was the basis of the Early Iron Age economy? farming From whom has it been suggested the Bantu-speakers acquired their cattle herding practices? The Khoisan In the drier regions of _________ Africa, the herding and hunter-gathering economy continued to offer advantages over farming. South-Western What are the identified steps in the development of a new language? Beginning with a common naming system, a dialect forms, and is then absorbed into a group of people called a society in which more changes are made to the language Why is the study of linguistics important in Africa? It allows us to study human migrations throughout the continent by tracing a language back to the place of the original language It is believed that Bantu speakers spread throughout __________, __________ and ______________ Africa in the comparatively recent past. Eastern, central, and southern Iron-working was well established in central Nigeria by ___________. 500 BCE What was the first historical period of the Iron Age in Bantu-speaking Africa? From the 2nd to the 5th centuries CE