EDEXCEL A LEVEL ITALIAN QUESTION PAPER 1 (LATEST )

EDEXCEL A LEVEL ITALIAN QUESTION PAPER 1 (LATEST ) Lakoff's Deficit Model - CORRECT ANSWER-Features of women's language Women tend to apologise more, use tag questions, hedges, empty adjectives, avoid cursing Features of 'women's language' reflected women's inferior social status O'Barr and Atkins 'Powerless Language' - CORRECT ANSWER-Alternative to the deficit model Found that gender was less important than overall social status and therefore 'powerless language' was a more effective label for weaker conversational styles Zimmerman and West 'Dominance Model' - CORRECT ANSWER-Recorded interruptions in conversations between men and women and found that 96% of interruptions were made by men Argued this reflects the male role in society Fishman 'Holding the Floor' - CORRECT ANSWER-Supported Zimmerman and West with her study of holding the floor Concluded that in mixed gender conversations, men tend to do this on average twice as long as women Trudgill Norwich study - CORRECT ANSWER-Studied men and women's social class accents in Norwich and found that women's pronunciation was closer to RP which is usually seen as the most prestigious Labov / Cheshire- Prestige - CORRECT ANSWER-Studied the speech of adolescents in Reading and discovered that boys tended to use more non-standard grammatical forms in order to seem more rebellious and tough Known as prestige theory Using standard english and RP gives a speaker overt prestige which is more common in women Using non-standard English gives a speaker covert prestige which is more common in men Tannen Difference Model - CORRECT ANSWER-Male and female conversational styles are based around their different roles in society Men are more concerned with status, independence, gaining factual information, finding solutions to problems, giving direct orders and not minding conflict Women are interested in forming bonds, showing understanding, compromising, offering support, giving polite, indirect orders and avoiding conflict Also labelled male talk as report talk and female talk as rapport talk Cameron / Hyde 'Gender Similarities Hypothesis - CORRECT ANSWER-Argues that a lot of research is biased, because there has been more focus on the differences between the two genders, which are actually quite small, rather than their similarities Refers to the work of Hyde, who carried out a statistical meta analysis on a wide range of gender research and developed a conclusion known as the 'gender similarities hypothesis' Lavender Linguistics - Legman - CORRECT ANSWER-Includes research on heteronormative and heterosexist language, and lexical items used to refer to sexual orientations Studied gay lexicon and found that it includes words specifically used in the gay community with different purposes Lavender Lexicons: specific lexicons for a group of people - e.g. polari Man Made Language - Spender - CORRECT ANSWER-English language is a reflection on patriarchal society Men were authors of the dictionaries so they constructed a male lexis of unmarked language which takes up 'positive semantic space' - the remaining space is therefore 'negative' Women Gossip - Jones - CORRECT ANSWER-4 main types of gossip: - house talk: distinguishing feature is the exchange of information and resources connected with the female roles as occupation - scandal: considered judging of the behaviour of others and women in particular - bitching: overt expression of women's anger at their restricted role and inferior status - chatting: most intimate form of gossip, mutual self-discourse, a transaction where women use their own advantage the skills they have learned as part of their job Identity and Interaction - Bucholtz and Hall - CORRECT ANSWER-Identity is produced through language production Sociolinguistic Maturation - Kerswill - CORRECT ANSWER-As you get older, you are less susceptible to influences of other language on your own language Speech codes - Bernstein - CORRECT ANSWER-Restricted code - w/c, limited vocab, based on the use of short, often unfinished, grammatically simpler sentences, speech is predictable, descriptive not analytic, context bound Elaborated code - m/c, wider vocab, based on longer, grammatically more complex sentences, speech is more varied and communicates abstract ideas, context free Grice's Maxims - CORRECT ANSWER-Maxim of Manner - be clear and avoid ambiguity Maxim of Quality - the truth Maxim of Quantity - don't say too much or too little Maxim of Relevance - stay relevant to the topic Politeness Theory/