Pathophysiology Introductory Concepts ad Clinical Perspectives

Illness occurs - correct answer When cells are unable to maintain homeostasis. Illness of the whole organism is the presentation of what at is occurring at a microscopic level with in the cell. Plasma Membrane - correct answer Protective lipid bilayer, selectively semipermeable, restricts and governs intracellular gains and losses, protects the integrity of the cell Burns damage plasma membranes - correct answer reducing the homeostasis recovery ad exposing DNA Semi-permeable selectivity means - correct answer diffusion, active transport, osmosis etiology - correct answer caused by... Plasma membrane regulates environmental adaption - correct answer balance of ECF and ICF determined by the concentration of water and ions Cellular edema - correct answer swelling; altered plasma membrane that allows excess fluid to enter the ICF Cellular dehydration - correct answer Fluid leaking out of the ICF, disruption of ICF will cause a disruption of organelle function NA+/K+ pump - correct answer For optimal cell function it is necessary for K+ Na+ inside of the cell and Na+ to be greater outside of the cell. ATP is the energy used to transport NA+ out and K+ in (3Na+ out and 2 K+ in with 1 ATP) The NA+/K+ ATPase pump helps maintain the resting potential and cellular fluid volume Mitochondria - correct answer Cells energy producers. Converts organic nutrients to cell energy in the form of ATP. Difference cells have different number of mitochondria depending on the energy demand of the cell EX muscle cells vs bone cells. Aerobic metabolism - correct answer Requires oxygen. Provides the maximum amount of ATP (34) with the Krebs cycle Anaerobic metabolism - correct answer With out oxygen. Glycolysis yields the least amount of ATP (2) along with pyruvic acid Pyruvic acid - correct answer Converts to lactic acid in a hypoxic environment and is noxious causing muscle pain and acidosis Mitochondria DNA is derived - correct answer Maternally, and have their own distinctive DNA. Geneticists use to study hereditary lineage. Clinically, mitochondrial diseases are worse when the defective mitochondria are present in the - correct answer muscles, cerebrum, or nerves due to the need of more energy than most other cells Lysosomes - correct answer Contain digestive enzymes; Lipase, Protease, Lysozyme Autolysis - correct answer self; cell death Heterolysis - correct answer other; cell death. Macrophages digest foreign matter. Clinically, accelerated cellular proteasome activity occurs in - correct answer cachexia; wasting of body mass. Associated with cancer Ribosomes - correct answer Protein factories. rRNA makes protections to be used with the the cell. EX pancreatic beta islet cells synthesize insulin, thyroid cells synthesize proteins for thyroxine Rough ER - Ribososmes can also be found freestanding with in the ICF. Hypoxic states cause ribosomal protein synthesis to - correct answer cease Clinically, some antibiotics interfere with the function of bacterial ribosomes - correct answer inhibiting bacterial protein synthesis Emaciated - correct answer Protein deficiency