ISSP - SA Chapter 2 Questions and Answers 2024

ISSP - SA Chapter 2 Questions and Answers 2024 Social Justice Upholding moral, legal, and humanistic principles Stakeholder Any group or individual with an interest in the decisions and activities of an organization. While traditional corporations have narrowly focused on those with a financial interest, considering the interests of this broader constituency is critical to long term success. Broadly speaking these constituents fall into five categories: Investors & Risk Assessors; Consumers & Community; Business Partners & Competitors; Idea Generators & Opinion Leaders; Rule Makers & Watchdogs Brainpower Read More Previous Play Next Rewind 10 seconds Move forward 10 seconds Unmute 0:02 / 0:15 Full screen Social Sustainability Groups The wellbeing of individuals, and the collective health of society Indicator This provides data about a topic or situation, which strategists and managers use to understand the world, inform decisions, and plan for actions. Stakeholder engagement This term refers to the practice of engaging key stakeholders in dialogue to understand their vital interests—is essential to fostering sustainable business practices. Corporate Social Responsibility This term refers to the business practice of focusing on activities affecting the triple bottom line interests of all stakeholders. Greenwashing This term describes the marketing practice of making unsubstantiated sustainability claims. UN Guiding Principles Framework (UNGPs) This Framework provides companies with principles to comprehensively report on human rights issues that align with their responsibility as defined by the UN Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights. Child and Slave Labor UN calls to "Eradicate forced labour, end modern slavery and human trafficking, and secure the prohibition and elimination of the worst forms of child labour, including recruitment and use of child soldiers, and by 2025 end child labour in all its forms." However there are currently an estimated 21 to 27 million people worldwide ensnared in forced labor and human trafficking. Supply Chain This refers to three functions occurring in the life cycle of a product: materials supply, manufacture, and distribution through to the final customer. Workplace Health and Safety Many enterprises manage human health and safety goals together with environmental sustainability efforts using environmental management systems (EMS). During such a system's Plan-Do-Check-Act process, organizations set important health and safety goals. Clean Air Act Passed in 1972, this act protects human and environmental health from the effects of air pollution. Over the years, it has been used to cut ozone, sulfur and nitrogen dioxide in order to address acid rain, and remove lead from gasoline. In 2007, the US Supreme Court upheld the EPA's ability to regulate GHG emissions under this legislation. This action made it possible for the US to drive clean energy efforts despite political opposition. REACH (Regulation on Registration, Evaluation, Authorization & Restriction of Chemicals) This EU regulation is designed to protect human and environmental health from chemical exposure. The legislation also contains provisions relating to the use of animals in research. Environmental Management Systems (EMS) This provides a framework for reaching sustainability goals through consistent control of operations, which includes a process for continuous improvement. In addition to offering certification under ISO 14001, ISO 14004 provides guidance for creating this. Many types of these follow the Plan Do Check Act (PDCA) framework. Living Wage The term describes the compensation needed to provide for the most basic of human needs. It permits, families to live locally, based on the local cost of living. Fair Trade Certification This certification supports sustainable development among small producers and agricultural workers in the poorest countries. This type of mark, of Fairtrade International (FLO), is used throughout Europe, Africa, Asia, Australia and New Zealand. Fairtrade USA is the equivalent mark used in North America. Future-Fit Business Benchmark A business that meets this standard "is one that in no way undermines the possibility that humans and other life will flourish on Earth forever". To organize around this goal, such businesses focus on developing practices required for tomorrow rather than meeting short-term goals or emulating the current best practices of peers. This standard defines 21 future-fit goals that address social and environmental challenges while improving business performance. Employee Ownership This describes the ownership of a company by a broad cross-section of employees—from rank-and-file ​to management—offered through a formal plan by the company. Employee Engagement and Work-Life Balance "Sustainability strategies and programs result in higher levels of employee engagement. Engaged employees are more productive. They want their company to succeed so that it can continue to add value to the community and ecosystems which the employees care about. Engaged employees are the secret sauce in the business case for sustainability." Systems Thinking Taking a holistic approach to analyzing complexity. Rather than focusing on the details of isolated problems, way of thinking allows us to see the interconnections between constituent parts and the causes and effects of action. Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) A tool to measure, assess and manage the performance of a product from raw materials through production, use, and end-of-life phases. The process entails compiling data on the inputs and outputs of a system, in order to evaluate the potential impacts that will result throughout its life cycle. Recycle This waste reduction strategy is used to reduce the quantity and improve the quality of materials heading to landfills. International Labour Organization (ILO) Established in 1919, this is the only tripartite UN agency. It brings together governments, employers and workers representatives to set standards, develop policies, and build programs that support worker rights. Global Reporting Initiative (GRI) This is a standards body that puts forth criteria for sustainability reporting, in partnership with global organizations focused on quality, environment, and economics. Their sustainability reporting framework is used by a majority of the world's largest corporations. B Corp Certification A certification scheme for a for-profit company whose mission aligns with creating a better society and has met the sustainability standards developed by B Lab. Their rigorous standards address social and environmental performance, accountability, and transparency. Note that, some certified companies have legally organized themselves as "benefit corporations". Product as service Customers of a building's services are not seeking to own light fixtures, they seek to receive the service of quality illumination which can be achieved through more effective daylighting. Concept of how businesses can more sustainably serve customers as stakeholders - and gain competitive advantage. Co-op a voluntary association in which members put time or resources into it and get something out - agriculture is a key example of this. Embraces customers as stakeholders. Inclusive Business "The process must start with respect for Bottom of Pyramid consumers as individuals. The process of co-creation assumes that consumers are equally important joint problem-solvers. ... New and creative approaches are needed to convert poverty into an opportunity for all concerned." - Prahalad Social Justice Mechanisms in Supply Chain Management Vendors should comply with: • Fair Trade standards • Cruelty-free treatment of animals in product testing, manufacturing, or food production • International law concerning labor, accounting and the environment (e.g. avoiding conflict minerals, or paying a living wage) • Quality standards • Anti-corruption and bribery laws Common But Differentiated Responsibilities and Respective Capabilities (CBDR) Reflects two key foundations for determining allocations of resources in problem solving. First, every country has responsibilities, but, second, differing commitments will be expected based on differing circumstances, development needs, capacities, and historic contributions to CO2 emissions. Included in both the Rio Declaration and the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change.