WGU BioChem OA Review
Males and Females are equally affected - ANSAutosomal
The process of copying DNA in the lab. - ANSPolymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)
Template DNA, Nucleotides (dNTPS), DNA Polymerase, and DNA Primers. - ANSWhat is
needed for Polymerase Chain Reaction?
Denaturing, Annealing, Elongating - ANSWhat are the three steps of a Polymerase Chain
Reaction (PCR)?
Denaturing (DNA is heated up to separate it) - ANSWhat is the first step of a Polymerase
Chain Reaction?
Cooling the Polymerase Chain Reaction. Primers stick to the DNA that you want to copy and
ADD DNA Polymerase - ANSWhat is Annealing?
The Polymerase Chain Reaction is heated and DNA Polymerase adds nucleotides to build a
new DNA strand. - ANSWhat is elongating?
Ligase - ANSWhat is NOT involved in PCR?
It is used to repair damage to bases caused by harmful molecules by removing the base that
is damaged and replacing it. #1 GLYCOSYLASES see the damaged DNA. #2 DNA
Polymerase puts the right one back #3 DNA Ligase seals it. - ANSWhat is base excision
repair (BER)?
DNA Glycolysase sees the damage and removes it, DNA polymerase puts the tight base
back, DNA ligase seals it back up. - ANSWhat are the 3 steps in base excision repair?
1 - ANSHow many nucleotides does base excision repair remove?
Mismatch Repair (MMR). It is the only one to occur during REPLICATION - DURING THE
PROOFREADING - ANSWhat is it called when a large section of the nucleotide is removed
from the DNA so that DNA polymerase can try again? (This corrects DNA damage)
Mismatch Repair (MMR) repairs errors such as G with T instead of G with C. DNA
Polymerase fixes it. This happens during replication and MMR removes a large section of
the nucleotide from the DNA and DNA Polymerase tries again. - ANSWhat repairs a base
mismatch?
When DNA polymerase takes an individual nucleotide and matches them to the parental
sequences to ensure a correct pair. (it must bind with RNA primer to work). ie: DNA
Polymerase binds to DNA to make RNA - ANSWhat is DNA Transcription?
, CLEANS damage caused by things such as UV rays and repairs it. A large section of
nucleotides are removed, including the damaged portion, along with a few on each side. It is
then replaced by DNA polymerase. - ANSWhat is NecleoTIDE repair
It repairs double stranded breaks (last effort) by copying another strand of DNA and
replacing it completely. - ANSWhat is Homologous Recombination?
Another last effort to repair a double strand break by putting the ends back together before
making sure they are correctly copied. This can lead to deletions/insertions (frameshift
mutations). - ANSWhat is Non-Homologous Recombintaion?
It must bind to RNA primer - ANSWhat does DNA Polymerase bind to in order to make RNA
TRANSCRIPTION DNA take the individual nucleotide and match them to the PARENTAL
sequences to ensure a correct pair.
introns (non-coding region) are removed and exons (coding region) joined to form a
contiguous coding sequence. - ANSWhat happens during RNA splicing to generate a mature
RNA molecule?
The ability to turn genes on and off - ANSWhat is Gene Expression?
The study of changes in organisms caused by modification of gene expression NOT
alternation of the gene code. - ANSWhat is epigenetics?
Where a DNA molecule wraps around histone proteins to form tight loops called
nucleosomes. These nucleosomes coil and stack together to form fibers called chromatin.
(genes are ON if the nucleosomes are wide spread and OFF if the genes are tightly packed)
- ANSWhat is packaging of DNA?
Polymerase - ANSWhat is needed for DNA replication?
A point mutation in a sequence of DNA (change in one nucleotide) that results in a
premature STOP codon - ANSWhat is NonSense Mutation
A mutations in DNA that do not have an observable effect on the organism's phenotype. (1
neucleotide changes but it codes for the same amino acid) - ANSWhat is a Silent Mutation?
A point mutation in which a single nucleotide change results in a codon that codes for a
DIFFERENT amino acid. - ANSWhat is a Missense Mutation?
It is typically not seen in every generation of an affected family. X-linked dominant disorders
are caused by mutations in genes on the X chromosome, one of the two sex chromosomes
in each cell. (males and females are equally affected) - ANSWhat is Autosomal Dominate?
It becomes Ionized Alanine. (Alanine is HYDROPHOBIC and has CH3 as its weak
interaction. Ionized means it has a + or -. - ANSAlanine is an amino acid with an amino
Males and Females are equally affected - ANSAutosomal
The process of copying DNA in the lab. - ANSPolymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)
Template DNA, Nucleotides (dNTPS), DNA Polymerase, and DNA Primers. - ANSWhat is
needed for Polymerase Chain Reaction?
Denaturing, Annealing, Elongating - ANSWhat are the three steps of a Polymerase Chain
Reaction (PCR)?
Denaturing (DNA is heated up to separate it) - ANSWhat is the first step of a Polymerase
Chain Reaction?
Cooling the Polymerase Chain Reaction. Primers stick to the DNA that you want to copy and
ADD DNA Polymerase - ANSWhat is Annealing?
The Polymerase Chain Reaction is heated and DNA Polymerase adds nucleotides to build a
new DNA strand. - ANSWhat is elongating?
Ligase - ANSWhat is NOT involved in PCR?
It is used to repair damage to bases caused by harmful molecules by removing the base that
is damaged and replacing it. #1 GLYCOSYLASES see the damaged DNA. #2 DNA
Polymerase puts the right one back #3 DNA Ligase seals it. - ANSWhat is base excision
repair (BER)?
DNA Glycolysase sees the damage and removes it, DNA polymerase puts the tight base
back, DNA ligase seals it back up. - ANSWhat are the 3 steps in base excision repair?
1 - ANSHow many nucleotides does base excision repair remove?
Mismatch Repair (MMR). It is the only one to occur during REPLICATION - DURING THE
PROOFREADING - ANSWhat is it called when a large section of the nucleotide is removed
from the DNA so that DNA polymerase can try again? (This corrects DNA damage)
Mismatch Repair (MMR) repairs errors such as G with T instead of G with C. DNA
Polymerase fixes it. This happens during replication and MMR removes a large section of
the nucleotide from the DNA and DNA Polymerase tries again. - ANSWhat repairs a base
mismatch?
When DNA polymerase takes an individual nucleotide and matches them to the parental
sequences to ensure a correct pair. (it must bind with RNA primer to work). ie: DNA
Polymerase binds to DNA to make RNA - ANSWhat is DNA Transcription?
, CLEANS damage caused by things such as UV rays and repairs it. A large section of
nucleotides are removed, including the damaged portion, along with a few on each side. It is
then replaced by DNA polymerase. - ANSWhat is NecleoTIDE repair
It repairs double stranded breaks (last effort) by copying another strand of DNA and
replacing it completely. - ANSWhat is Homologous Recombination?
Another last effort to repair a double strand break by putting the ends back together before
making sure they are correctly copied. This can lead to deletions/insertions (frameshift
mutations). - ANSWhat is Non-Homologous Recombintaion?
It must bind to RNA primer - ANSWhat does DNA Polymerase bind to in order to make RNA
TRANSCRIPTION DNA take the individual nucleotide and match them to the PARENTAL
sequences to ensure a correct pair.
introns (non-coding region) are removed and exons (coding region) joined to form a
contiguous coding sequence. - ANSWhat happens during RNA splicing to generate a mature
RNA molecule?
The ability to turn genes on and off - ANSWhat is Gene Expression?
The study of changes in organisms caused by modification of gene expression NOT
alternation of the gene code. - ANSWhat is epigenetics?
Where a DNA molecule wraps around histone proteins to form tight loops called
nucleosomes. These nucleosomes coil and stack together to form fibers called chromatin.
(genes are ON if the nucleosomes are wide spread and OFF if the genes are tightly packed)
- ANSWhat is packaging of DNA?
Polymerase - ANSWhat is needed for DNA replication?
A point mutation in a sequence of DNA (change in one nucleotide) that results in a
premature STOP codon - ANSWhat is NonSense Mutation
A mutations in DNA that do not have an observable effect on the organism's phenotype. (1
neucleotide changes but it codes for the same amino acid) - ANSWhat is a Silent Mutation?
A point mutation in which a single nucleotide change results in a codon that codes for a
DIFFERENT amino acid. - ANSWhat is a Missense Mutation?
It is typically not seen in every generation of an affected family. X-linked dominant disorders
are caused by mutations in genes on the X chromosome, one of the two sex chromosomes
in each cell. (males and females are equally affected) - ANSWhat is Autosomal Dominate?
It becomes Ionized Alanine. (Alanine is HYDROPHOBIC and has CH3 as its weak
interaction. Ionized means it has a + or -. - ANSAlanine is an amino acid with an amino
