FNDH 400 Final

Difference between PDCAAS and DIAAS - correct answer DIAAS (Digestible Indispensable Amino Acid Score) uses ileal digestibility, multiple reference pattens and is NOT truncated. Recommended to replace PDCAAS PDCAAS (Protein Digestibility Corrected Amino Acid Score (PDCAAS). Current. Galactose - correct answer Monosaccharide that is not commonly found free in nature. Beano - correct answer Contains an enzyme that cleaves the alpha 1-6 bonds in oligosaccharides thereby decreasing the fermentation by the microbiota in the colon decreasing gas production that can lead to flatulence. PKU (Phenylketouria) - correct answer Need to avoid foods containing aspartame as they have a mutation in phenylalanine hydroxylase (responsible for the conversion of phenylalanine to tyrosine) Know (Sucrose/Fructose) - correct answer Since fructose (in sucrose) is bonded to glucose, it will result in roughly the same amount of fructose available for uptake compared to the free fructose found in high fructose corn syrup. Know (Fiber) - correct answer Nonfermentable, nonviscous fiber is the best option to increase in someone wanted to increase their bulk stool to decrease their fecal transit time. Know (Omega-3) - correct answer Eicosanoids produced from the omega-3 essential fatty acid alpha-linolenic acid are less inflammatory than those produced from fatty acids elongated from the omega-6 fatty acid linoleic acid. Know (Omega 6) - correct answer Eicosanoids produced from fatty acids elongated from the omega-6 essential fatty acid linoleic acid are more inflammatory than those produced from fatty acids elongated from the essential omeg-3 fatty acid alpha-linolenic acid. Know (Sugar Alcohols) - correct answer Sugar alcohols (polylys) are a good option for chewing gym because they are not readily fermented by bacteria in the mouth decreasing acid production and thus cavity formation. Know (complimentary proteins) - correct answer Complementary proteins are two incomplete proteins that have different limiting amino acid(s,) thus combining them together, they compensate for the limiting amino acid(s) in the other food. Know (Bile) - correct answer Bile, which is produced by the liver and concentrated in the gallbladder, helps emulsify lipids Know (Bicarbonate) - correct answer Produced by the pancreas, helps neutralize acidic chyme as it enters the duodenum. Only micronutrient digested to any great extent in the mouth and the enzyme responsible - correct answer Carbohydrates, salivary amylase. Components of pancreatic juice and the function of the components. - correct answer Bicarbonate- helps neutralize stomach acid/chyme that enters duodenum Pancreatic Enzymes- Break down foods in the small intestine. Critical for macronutrient digestion Why is aspartame a concern for those with PKU? - correct answer Aspartame is broken down into phenylalanine (those with PKU can't metabolize). This can lead to adverse effects if consumed at too high levels. What condition causes gastric juices to improperly move up into the esophagus? What is not functioning properly? - correct answer Condition: Heartburn/Gastroesophageal reflux disease Cause: Leaky lower esophageal sphincter What are the bond differences between glycogen, oligosaccharides, and cellulose (main type of fiber)? - correct answer Glycogen chains are alpha 1-4 bonds with alpha 1-6 bond branch points. Oligosaccharides contain alpha 1-6 bonds. Cellulose contains beta bonds. Which of the following is statistically significant? A) Chance you make/but pea pesto after this exam (p=.049) B) Chance you make/buy ciabatta bread after this exam (p=.05) C) Chance you make/buy both pea pesto and ciabatta bread after this exam (p=.55) D) Chance you make/buy neither pea pesto nor ciabatta bread (p=.49) - correct answer A) Chance you will make/buy pesto after this exam (p=0.049). 95% CI Name the 2 alternative sweeteners derived from natural sources (not artificial or synthesized. - correct answer 1) Stevia 2) Luo Han Guo (monkfruit) extract Partial hydrogenation of unsaturated fatty acids results in the formation of what type of acids? What are the pros and cons - correct answer Trans fatty acids (along with some saturated fatty acids) Pros: -Increased melting point=solid at room temp=easier to handle -Extended shelf life Cons: -increases LDL -decreases HDL Briefly describe the digestion processes in the stomach and which macronutrient is not digested to any great extent? - correct answer -Gastrin stims pepsinoge, gastric lipase and HCl -HCl activates pepsinogen to pepsin (digest protein). -Gastric lipase cleaves triglycerides -Mucus secreted to protect stomach -Carbs not digested to any great extent Researchers examine relationship between pea pesto consumption on type 2 diabetes risk in different countries - correct answer Cross-sectional (4- weakest) Researchers ask about pea pesto consumption 10 years ago in type 2 diabetics and those without it to determine whether there is an association between consumption and type 2 diabetes - correct answer Case-control (3- 2nd weakest) Researchers provide pea pesto to individuals to consume and will follow them over the next 3 years to determine whether it decreases the risk of developing type 2 diabetes compared to a group who does not receive pea pest. - correct answer Clinical trial (1- Strongest) Researchers ask about pea pesto consumption then will follow them over next 20 years to examine releationship between it and the risk of developing type 2 diabetes - correct answer Prospective cohort (2- 2nd strongest) Carbohydrate enzymes active in small intestine and end products - correct answer Pancreatic Amylase; Disaccharides and Monosaccharides Protein enzymes active in small intestine and end products - correct answer Proteases and Peptidases; Amino acids and di-/tri-peptides Triglyceride enzymes active in small intestine and end products - correct answer Pancreatic Lipase; 2-monoglyceride & free fatty acids. Know (Starch Digestion) - correct answer Following the digestion of starch, glucose and fructose would be the products left for uptake into the enterocyte. Know (Ornish Diet) - correct answer Following consumption of the Ornish diet, lipoprotein lipase would be active to cleave fatty acids from lipoproteins like VLDL. K