Summary B3B5: European Law: Justice and
Home affairs
Inhoud
Problem 1A Schengen......................................................................................................................................................2
What is the Schengen-area?........................................................................................................................................2
What are the Schengen-rules on border checks for persons entering the Schengen-area?........................................3
Is it possible for Schengen Member States to conduct checks within their territory?.................................................3
Case Law: Adil..........................................................................................................................................................4
What are the rules regarding the reintroduction of border controls/closing the borders?.........................................5
Problem 1B Free movement of persons..........................................................................................................................5
To which rights are EU citizens and their family members entitled with regard to movement and residence in
another Member State? What about TCNs?................................................................................................................6
Case Law: Zambrano................................................................................................................................................7
Case Law: McCarthy................................................................................................................................................7
Under what conditions can EU citizens and their family members lose their right of residence in another Member
State?........................................................................................................................................................................... 7
Case Law: Tsakouridis..............................................................................................................................................8
Case Law: P.I............................................................................................................................................................8
Are TCNs entitled to family reunification under EU law? And what are the conditions?.............................................9
Case Law: Gabierno...............................................................................................................................................10
Problem 2A International / subsidiary protection.........................................................................................................10
What are the grounds for being considered as a refugee?........................................................................................10
Case Law: Y and Z..................................................................................................................................................11
Case Law: X, Y and Z...............................................................................................................................................11
What are the criteria for subsidiary protection?........................................................................................................12
Case Law: Elgafaji...................................................................................................................................................12
Case Law: CF and DN.............................................................................................................................................13
Problem 2B European Asylum System...........................................................................................................................13
What are the common rules on the reception (living conditions) of refugees and migrants?...................................13
What are the common rules for asylum procedures?................................................................................................14
Are there EU rules that determine which Member State is responsible regarding applicants for international
protection?................................................................................................................................................................15
Case Law: MA, BT, DA............................................................................................................................................16
Can a transfer under Dublin III Regulation be stopped due to human rights violations?...........................................16
Case Law: M.S.S.....................................................................................................................................................17
Case Law: N.S and M.E...........................................................................................................................................17
Problem 3A EAW...........................................................................................................................................................18
What is the European Arrest Warrant?......................................................................................................................18
When does the European Arrest Warrant apply?......................................................................................................18
Case law: Advocaten van de wereld......................................................................................................................19
, Can the execution of a European Arrest Warrant be refused?..................................................................................19
Case law: Da Silva Jorge.........................................................................................................................................20
Problem 3B EAW and Fundamental Rights....................................................................................................................20
How are fundamental rights intertwined within the legal framework of the EAW?..................................................20
Can an EAW be refused for human rights grounds?..................................................................................................21
Case law: Aranyosi.................................................................................................................................................21
Case law: LM..........................................................................................................................................................21
Case law: Radu.......................................................................................................................................................21
Case law: Melloni...................................................................................................................................................22
Problem 4A Data protection..........................................................................................................................................22
What is the EU legal framework on data protection?................................................................................................22
When and to whom do the EU-rules on data protection apply?...............................................................................22
What are the important principles of data protection?.............................................................................................23
What are the data protection rights for individuals?.................................................................................................23
Can personal data be transferred to third-countries?................................................................................................23
Case law: Schrems I...............................................................................................................................................24
Case law: Schrems II..............................................................................................................................................24
What are the rules and principles for collecting and processing personal data for criminal justice purposes?.........26
Case law: Digital rights Ireland...............................................................................................................................26
Problem 4B AFSJ EU Agencies........................................................................................................................................27
What is Europol?.......................................................................................................................................................27
What is the difference and similarities between Europol and Eurojust? And, how do Europol and Eurojust
cooperate?.................................................................................................................................................................27
What are the consequences of the fact that Eurojust and Europol were established through intergovernmental
cooperation?.............................................................................................................................................................28
What is Frontex?........................................................................................................................................................28
Problem 1A Schengen
Primary Legislation Secondary Legislation
Art. 21(1) TFEU The Schengen Border Code (SBC)
Art. 77 TFEU absence of control
Art. 79 TFEU open border policy
What is the Schengen-area?
History
1985 First agreement between 5 EU-MS (Belgium, France, Germany, Luxembourg and NL)
1990 Second agreement in which participating states were committed to abolishing intra-MS
border controls on persons and establishing a common system of external border control to enter
the Schengen area (the Schengen Agreement)
1995 The actual abolition of border controls (20 march 1995)
, 1995-1999 All EU MS (except Ireland and UK) and also non-EU-MS (Iceland, Norway,
Liechtenstein and Switzerland) joined the agreement
1985 - 1999 Separate legal system from EU law entirely
Schengen agreement
Set out the principal objective of abolishing border controls between the participating states and detailed
some ‘accompanying’ measures aiming at the reinforcement of the control of the external border. Several
EU MS joined Schengen Italy, Greece, Denmark, Austria, Sweden and 2 non-MS; Norway and Iceland.
Eventually the Treaty of Amsterdam integrated the Schengen acquis in the EU legal order, together with
(formerly third pillar) EU policies regarding immigration and asylum.
Schengen on the map
The 22 EU member states and the non-four EU states that
are signatories to the Schengen agreement are seen on
the map. It operated as a separate system outside EU law
until 1999. The SBC of 2006 codified most of the relevant
Schengen rules:
Controls at external borders;
Removal of controls at internal Schengen borders;
Police controls of the zone behind the internal
border.
What are the Schengen-rules on border checks for persons entering the
Schengen-area?
External borders: Title II
Art. 6 SBC: entry conditions for third country nationals
o Par 1 sets out the entry conditions
o Art. 14 (refusal of entry) is about what happens if the TCN doesn’t meet these conditions
Art. 7 SBC: conduct of border checks
Art. 8 SBC: control of external borders
Art. 13 SBC: border surveillance
Is it possible for Schengen Member States to conduct checks within their
territory?
Internal borders: Title III
Art. 22 SBC: crossing internal borders without border check on persons
Art. 23 SBC: exception to the principle in art. 22 (case Adil)
o Art. 23(a): This allows that the police can exercise its powers under national law without seeing it as
a border control.
Home affairs
Inhoud
Problem 1A Schengen......................................................................................................................................................2
What is the Schengen-area?........................................................................................................................................2
What are the Schengen-rules on border checks for persons entering the Schengen-area?........................................3
Is it possible for Schengen Member States to conduct checks within their territory?.................................................3
Case Law: Adil..........................................................................................................................................................4
What are the rules regarding the reintroduction of border controls/closing the borders?.........................................5
Problem 1B Free movement of persons..........................................................................................................................5
To which rights are EU citizens and their family members entitled with regard to movement and residence in
another Member State? What about TCNs?................................................................................................................6
Case Law: Zambrano................................................................................................................................................7
Case Law: McCarthy................................................................................................................................................7
Under what conditions can EU citizens and their family members lose their right of residence in another Member
State?........................................................................................................................................................................... 7
Case Law: Tsakouridis..............................................................................................................................................8
Case Law: P.I............................................................................................................................................................8
Are TCNs entitled to family reunification under EU law? And what are the conditions?.............................................9
Case Law: Gabierno...............................................................................................................................................10
Problem 2A International / subsidiary protection.........................................................................................................10
What are the grounds for being considered as a refugee?........................................................................................10
Case Law: Y and Z..................................................................................................................................................11
Case Law: X, Y and Z...............................................................................................................................................11
What are the criteria for subsidiary protection?........................................................................................................12
Case Law: Elgafaji...................................................................................................................................................12
Case Law: CF and DN.............................................................................................................................................13
Problem 2B European Asylum System...........................................................................................................................13
What are the common rules on the reception (living conditions) of refugees and migrants?...................................13
What are the common rules for asylum procedures?................................................................................................14
Are there EU rules that determine which Member State is responsible regarding applicants for international
protection?................................................................................................................................................................15
Case Law: MA, BT, DA............................................................................................................................................16
Can a transfer under Dublin III Regulation be stopped due to human rights violations?...........................................16
Case Law: M.S.S.....................................................................................................................................................17
Case Law: N.S and M.E...........................................................................................................................................17
Problem 3A EAW...........................................................................................................................................................18
What is the European Arrest Warrant?......................................................................................................................18
When does the European Arrest Warrant apply?......................................................................................................18
Case law: Advocaten van de wereld......................................................................................................................19
, Can the execution of a European Arrest Warrant be refused?..................................................................................19
Case law: Da Silva Jorge.........................................................................................................................................20
Problem 3B EAW and Fundamental Rights....................................................................................................................20
How are fundamental rights intertwined within the legal framework of the EAW?..................................................20
Can an EAW be refused for human rights grounds?..................................................................................................21
Case law: Aranyosi.................................................................................................................................................21
Case law: LM..........................................................................................................................................................21
Case law: Radu.......................................................................................................................................................21
Case law: Melloni...................................................................................................................................................22
Problem 4A Data protection..........................................................................................................................................22
What is the EU legal framework on data protection?................................................................................................22
When and to whom do the EU-rules on data protection apply?...............................................................................22
What are the important principles of data protection?.............................................................................................23
What are the data protection rights for individuals?.................................................................................................23
Can personal data be transferred to third-countries?................................................................................................23
Case law: Schrems I...............................................................................................................................................24
Case law: Schrems II..............................................................................................................................................24
What are the rules and principles for collecting and processing personal data for criminal justice purposes?.........26
Case law: Digital rights Ireland...............................................................................................................................26
Problem 4B AFSJ EU Agencies........................................................................................................................................27
What is Europol?.......................................................................................................................................................27
What is the difference and similarities between Europol and Eurojust? And, how do Europol and Eurojust
cooperate?.................................................................................................................................................................27
What are the consequences of the fact that Eurojust and Europol were established through intergovernmental
cooperation?.............................................................................................................................................................28
What is Frontex?........................................................................................................................................................28
Problem 1A Schengen
Primary Legislation Secondary Legislation
Art. 21(1) TFEU The Schengen Border Code (SBC)
Art. 77 TFEU absence of control
Art. 79 TFEU open border policy
What is the Schengen-area?
History
1985 First agreement between 5 EU-MS (Belgium, France, Germany, Luxembourg and NL)
1990 Second agreement in which participating states were committed to abolishing intra-MS
border controls on persons and establishing a common system of external border control to enter
the Schengen area (the Schengen Agreement)
1995 The actual abolition of border controls (20 march 1995)
, 1995-1999 All EU MS (except Ireland and UK) and also non-EU-MS (Iceland, Norway,
Liechtenstein and Switzerland) joined the agreement
1985 - 1999 Separate legal system from EU law entirely
Schengen agreement
Set out the principal objective of abolishing border controls between the participating states and detailed
some ‘accompanying’ measures aiming at the reinforcement of the control of the external border. Several
EU MS joined Schengen Italy, Greece, Denmark, Austria, Sweden and 2 non-MS; Norway and Iceland.
Eventually the Treaty of Amsterdam integrated the Schengen acquis in the EU legal order, together with
(formerly third pillar) EU policies regarding immigration and asylum.
Schengen on the map
The 22 EU member states and the non-four EU states that
are signatories to the Schengen agreement are seen on
the map. It operated as a separate system outside EU law
until 1999. The SBC of 2006 codified most of the relevant
Schengen rules:
Controls at external borders;
Removal of controls at internal Schengen borders;
Police controls of the zone behind the internal
border.
What are the Schengen-rules on border checks for persons entering the
Schengen-area?
External borders: Title II
Art. 6 SBC: entry conditions for third country nationals
o Par 1 sets out the entry conditions
o Art. 14 (refusal of entry) is about what happens if the TCN doesn’t meet these conditions
Art. 7 SBC: conduct of border checks
Art. 8 SBC: control of external borders
Art. 13 SBC: border surveillance
Is it possible for Schengen Member States to conduct checks within their
territory?
Internal borders: Title III
Art. 22 SBC: crossing internal borders without border check on persons
Art. 23 SBC: exception to the principle in art. 22 (case Adil)
o Art. 23(a): This allows that the police can exercise its powers under national law without seeing it as
a border control.
