Type 1 Diabetes: Type 2 Diabetes:
Develops in children or young adults Prevents itself in people over 40
Auto-immune disease , the body attacks and destroys the β cells in the islets of Β cells don’t produce enough insulin or when the body's cells don
Langerhans properly with insulin, as the insulin receptors on the surface of m
The body cannot produce insulin, therefore, when glucose is ingested it cannot be cells have become less sensitive to insulin
converted to other molecules, such as glycogen People with type 2 diabetes have almost permanently raised level
There are two major effects: glucose (hyperglycaemia) which can damage the major organs a
I. Excess glucose remains in the blood for longer, leading to
hyperglycaemia
II. There are no glycogen stores, so when the blood glucose drops, there Treatments: Risk Factors:
is no stored glycogen to be broken down into glucose, which can lead o Medication can be prescribed Obesity
to hyperglycaemia o Losing weight High sugar diet
o Exercising more Lack of regular exe
Treatments: o Ensuring that energy intake Being from an Asia
o Insulin therapy, with regular insulin injections throughout the day matches the amount of energy Caribbean backgro
o Islet cell transplantation, healthy β cells from a donor into a type 1 diabetic patient burnt Family history of ty
o Pancreas transplant o Insulin injections can be used
o Carefully planned diets
o Regular exercise reduces the amount of insulin that needs to be injected by using up
blood glucose
o Stem cell research
Diabetes Mellitus
A condition where blood glucose concentrations can't be controlled properly
Insulin from GM Bacteria:
Insulin used to be extracted from animal pancreases, but nowadays, human insulin can be made
Curing diabetes:
↳ Insulin is made by genetically modified bacteria, which have had the gene for human
insulin production inserted into their DNA. These bacteria are grown in an industrial Using stem cells could potentially cure diabetes.
fermenter on a massive scale and the insulin produced is collected and purified Stem cells could be grown into β cells, which
Using GM bacteria to do this is much better for many reasons, for example:
implanted into the pancreas of a person with
Cheaper than extracting it from animal pancreases The person would be able to make insulin as
Large quantities can be produced The treatment is still being developed, but if e
Gm bacteria makes human insulin. This is more effective than using pig or cattle insulin
people with type 1 diabetes,
(which is slightly different to human insulin) and its less likely to trigger an allergic response
or be rejected by the immune system
Some people prefer insulin from GM bacteria for ethical or religious reasons.
Develops in children or young adults Prevents itself in people over 40
Auto-immune disease , the body attacks and destroys the β cells in the islets of Β cells don’t produce enough insulin or when the body's cells don
Langerhans properly with insulin, as the insulin receptors on the surface of m
The body cannot produce insulin, therefore, when glucose is ingested it cannot be cells have become less sensitive to insulin
converted to other molecules, such as glycogen People with type 2 diabetes have almost permanently raised level
There are two major effects: glucose (hyperglycaemia) which can damage the major organs a
I. Excess glucose remains in the blood for longer, leading to
hyperglycaemia
II. There are no glycogen stores, so when the blood glucose drops, there Treatments: Risk Factors:
is no stored glycogen to be broken down into glucose, which can lead o Medication can be prescribed Obesity
to hyperglycaemia o Losing weight High sugar diet
o Exercising more Lack of regular exe
Treatments: o Ensuring that energy intake Being from an Asia
o Insulin therapy, with regular insulin injections throughout the day matches the amount of energy Caribbean backgro
o Islet cell transplantation, healthy β cells from a donor into a type 1 diabetic patient burnt Family history of ty
o Pancreas transplant o Insulin injections can be used
o Carefully planned diets
o Regular exercise reduces the amount of insulin that needs to be injected by using up
blood glucose
o Stem cell research
Diabetes Mellitus
A condition where blood glucose concentrations can't be controlled properly
Insulin from GM Bacteria:
Insulin used to be extracted from animal pancreases, but nowadays, human insulin can be made
Curing diabetes:
↳ Insulin is made by genetically modified bacteria, which have had the gene for human
insulin production inserted into their DNA. These bacteria are grown in an industrial Using stem cells could potentially cure diabetes.
fermenter on a massive scale and the insulin produced is collected and purified Stem cells could be grown into β cells, which
Using GM bacteria to do this is much better for many reasons, for example:
implanted into the pancreas of a person with
Cheaper than extracting it from animal pancreases The person would be able to make insulin as
Large quantities can be produced The treatment is still being developed, but if e
Gm bacteria makes human insulin. This is more effective than using pig or cattle insulin
people with type 1 diabetes,
(which is slightly different to human insulin) and its less likely to trigger an allergic response
or be rejected by the immune system
Some people prefer insulin from GM bacteria for ethical or religious reasons.
