Openstax Anatomy and Physiology Chapter 9 test questions fully solved & updated 2024.

Articulation a joint; the point where two bones come together Fibrous joints consists of inflexible layers of dense connective tissue, holds the bones tightly together. considered synarthrosis and amphiarthrosis Cartilaginous joints allow only slight movement and consist of bones connected entirely by cartilage. considered synarthrosis and amphiarthrosis Synovial joints freely movable joints with a small sac to promote gliding. considered diarthrosis Synarthrosis immovable joint Amphiarthrosis slightly movable joint Diarthrosis freely movable joint Suture synarthrosis type joint found on the cranium, made up of dense fibrous tissues Gomphosis attachment of a tooth to its socket, synarthrosis Syndesmosis a fibrous joint at which two bones are bound by long collagen fibers (ligaments). considered amphiarthrosis Synostosis site at which adjacent bones or bony components have fused together, considered synarthrosis Interosseous membrane thick dense fibrous sheet of connective tissue that spans the space between two bones. considered syndesmosis joint Periodontal ligament connective tissue fibers that attach the tooth to both jaw bones Synchondrosis an almost immovable joint between bones bound by a layer of hyaline cartilage, as in the vertebrae. considered synarthrosis Symphysis A type of joint that has grown together forming a very stable connection. considered amphaithrosis Uniaxial movement in one plane, hinge joint, pivot joint Biaxial movement in two planes, saddle joint, plane joint, condyloid Multiaxial movement in or around all three planes, ball and socket joints Synovial membrane diagram Inner synovial membrane loose areolar connective tissue with an incomplete epithelial membrane, secretes synovial fluid Synovial fluid joint-lubricating fluid secreted by the synovial membrane Articular cartilage hyaline cartilage that covers ends of bones in synovial joints Outer fibrous capsule dense irregular connective tissue, continuous with the fibrous layer of the periosteum Ligaments attach bone to bone, long strands of collagen fibers Intrinsic ligaments fused to/ incorporated into wall Extrinsic ligaments separate from the articular capsule Intracapsular ligaments inside articular capsule Extracapsular ligaments outside the articular capsule Sprain stretching or tearing of ligaments Which heal faster, ligaments or bones Bones When injured, what typically breaks first: the tendon, or the bone Bone typically breaks before tendons tear Are ligaments vascular or avascular avascular Tendons are a continuous of muscle that attaches muscle to bone. It is not part of joints. It limits range of motion and gives support. sometimes considered a "dynamic ligament" Fat pads superficial to the joint capsule, protect articular cartilages Articular disc Cushion of dense, specialized connective tissue that divides the articular space into upper and lower compartments; also known as the meniscus Meniscus disc of connective tissue cartilage between the bones of a joint, for example, in the knee joint Bursa small fluid filled connective tissue pockets where tendons and ligaments rub against other tissues, reducing friction and absorbing shock Subcutaneous bursa bursa that prevents friction between skin and an underlying bone Subtendinous bursa bursa that prevents friction between bone and a muscle tendon Pivot joint rotating bone turns around an axis; i.e. connection between radius/ulna and humerus Saddle joint type of joint found at the base of each thumb; allows grasping and rotation Plane joint short slipping or gliding movements; i.e. carpals Hinge joint Joint between bones (as at the elbow or knee) that permits motion in only one plane Ball and socket joint hip and shoulder joints Condyloid joint type of diarthrosis in which one articulating bone surface is an oval, convex shape, and the other is a reciprocally shaped concave surface Adduction Movement toward the midline of the body Abduction Movement away from the midline of the body Circumduction circular movement of a limb at the far end