Openstax Anatomy and Physiology Chapter 1 test questions fully solved

Abdominopelvic Cavity Division of the anterior (ventral) cavity that houses the abdominal and pelvic viscera Anabolism Assembly of more complex molecules from simpler molecules Anatomical Position Standard reference position used for describing locations and directions on the human body Anatomy Science that studies the form and composition of the body's structures Anterior Describes the front or direction toward the front of the body; also referred to as ventral Anterior Cavity Larger body cavity located anterior to the posterior (dorsal) body cavity; includes the serous membrane-lined pleural cavities for the lungs, pericardial cavity for the heart, and peritoneal cavity for the abdominal and pelvic organs; also referred to as ventral cavity Catabolism Breaking down of more complex molecules into simpler molecules Caudal Describes a position below or lower than another part of the body proper; near or toward the tail (in humans, the coccyx, or lowest part of the spinal column); also referred to as inferior Cell Smallest independently functioning unit of all organisms; in animals, a cell contains cytoplasm, composed of fluid and organelles Computed Tomography (CT) Medical imaging technique in which a computer-enhanced cross-sectional X-ray image is obtained Control Center Compares values to their normal range; deviations cause the activation of an effector Cranial Describes a position above or higher than another part of the body proper; also referred to as superior Cranial Cavity Division of the posterior (dorsal) cavity that houses the brain Deep Describes a position farther from the surface of the body Development Changes an organism goes through during its life Differentiation Process by which unspecialized cells become specialized in structure and function Distal Describes a position farther from the point of attachment or the trunk of the body Dorsal Describes the back or direction toward the back of the body; also referred to as posterior Dorsal Cavity Posterior body cavity that houses the brain and spinal cord; also referred to the posterior body cavity Effector Organ that can cause a change in a value Frontal Plane Two-dimensional, vertical plane that divides the body or organ into anterior and posterior portions Gross Anatomy Study of the larger structures of the body, typically with the unaided eye; also referred to macroscopic anatomy Growth Process of increasing in size Homeostasis Steady state of body systems that living organisms maintain Inferior Describes a position below or lower than another part of the body proper; near or toward the tail (in humans, the coccyx, or lowest part of the spinal column); also referred to as caudal Lateral Describes the side or direction toward the side of the body Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) Medical imaging technique in which a device generates a magnetic field to obtain detailed sectional images of the internal structures of the body Medial Describes the middle or direction toward the middle of the body Metabolism Sum of all of the body's chemical reactions Microscopic Anatomy Study of very small structures of the body using magnification Negative Feedback Homeostatic mechanism that tends to stabilize an upset in the body's physiological condition by preventing an excessive response to a stimulus, typically as the stimulus is removed Normal Range Range of values around the set point that do not cause a reaction by the control center Nutrient Chemical obtained from foods and beverages that is critical to human survival Organ Functionally distinct structure composed of two or more types of tissues Organ System Group of organs that work together to carry out a particular function Organism Living being that has a cellular structure and that can independently perform all physiologic functions necessary for life Pericardium Sac that encloses the heart Peritoneum Serous membrane that lines the abdominopelvic cavity and covers the organs found there Physiology Science that studies the chemistry, biochemistry, and physics of the body's functions Plane Imaginary two-dimensional surface that passes through the body Pleura Serous membrane that lines the pleural cavity and covers the lungs Positive Feedback Mechanism that intensifies a change in the body's physiological condition in response to a stimulus Positron Emission Tomography (PET) Medical imaging technique in which radiopharmaceuticals are traced to reveal metabolic and physiological functions in tissues Posterior Describes the back or direction toward the back of the body; also referred to as dorsal Posterior Cavity Posterior body cavity that houses the brain and spinal cord; also referred to as dorsal cavity Pressure Force exerted by a substance in contact with another substance Prone Face down Proximal Describes a position nearer to the point of attachment or the trunk of the body Regional Anatomy Study of the structures that contribute to specific body regions Renewal Process by which worn-out cells are replaced Reproduction Process by which new organisms are generated Responsiveness Ability of an organisms or a system to adjust to changes in conditions Sagittal Plane Two-dimensional, vertical plane that divides the body or organ into right and left sides Section In anatomy, a single flat surface of a three-dimensional structure that has been cut through Sensor/Receptor Reports a monitored physiological value to the control center