Advanced Pathophysiology - NS 838

ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - NS 838 EXAM 2024 WITH 100% CORRECT ANSWERS Which statement best describes the cellular function of metabolic absorption? A. Cells can synthesize fats. B. Cells can take in and use nutrients C. Cells can secrete digestive enzymes. D. Cells can produce proteins. - correct answer B. Cells can take in and use nutrients Where is most of a cell's genetic information, including RNA and DNA, contained? A. Lysosome B. Mitochondria C. Ribosome D. Nucleolus - correct answer D. Nucleolus Which cell component is capable of cellular autodigestion when it is released during cell injury? A. Ribosome B. Golgi complex C. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum D. Lysosomes - correct answer D. Lysosomes Which cAMP-mediated response is related to antidiuretic hormone? A. Secretion of cortisol B. Breakdown of fat C. Increased heart rate and force of contraction D. Increased retention of water - correct answer D. Increased retention of water Which type of cell adaptation occurs when normal columnar ciliated epithelial cells of the bronchial lining have been replaced by stratified squamous epithelial cells? A. Anaplasia B. Hyperplasia C. Dysplasia D. Metaplasia - correct answer D. Metaplasia 1. What does the loss of the adenosine triphosphate (ATP) during ischemia cause cells to do? A. Shrink because of the influx of potassium chloride (KCl) B. Swell because of the influx of nitric oxide (NO) C. Shrink because of the influx of calcium (Ca) D. Swell because of the influx of sodium chloride (NaCl) - correct answer D. Swell because of the influx of sodium chloride (NaCl) The mammary glands enlarge during pregnancy primarily as a consequence of what hormonal process? A. Dysplasia B. Atrophy C. Anaplasia D. Hyperplasia - correct answer D. Hyperplasia Free radicals play a major role in the initiation and progression of which diseases? A. Gastrointestinal diseases such as peptic ulcer disease and Crohn disease B. Cardiovascular diseases such as hypertension and ischemic heart disease C. Muscular disease such as muscular dystrophy and fibromyalgia D. Renal diseases such as acute tubular necrosis and glomerulonephritis - correct answer B. Cardiovascular diseases such as hypertension and ischemic heart disease 1. How do free radicals cause cell damage? A. Transferring one of its charged, stabilized atoms to the cell membrane, which causes lysis B. Stimulating the release of lysosomal enzymes that digest the cell membranes C. Stealing the cell's oxygen to stabilize the electron, thus causing hypoxia D. Giving up an electron, which causes injury to the chemical bonds of the cell membrane - correct answer D. Giving up an electron, which causes injury to the chemical bonds of the cell membrane Why are infants most susceptible to significant losses in total body water? A. High body surface-to-body size ratio B. Slow metabolic rate C. Inability to communicate adequately when he or she is thirsty D. Kidneys are not mature enough to counter fluid losses - correct answer D. Kidneys are not mature enough to counter fluid losses Why does obesity create a greater risk for dehydration in people? A. The metabolic rate of obese adults is slower than the rate of lean adults. B. The rate of urine output of obese adults is higher than in lean adults. C. The thirst receptors of the hypothalamus do not function effectively. D. Adipose cells contain little water because fat is water repelling. - correct answer D. Adipose cells contain little water because fat is water repelling A patient's blood gases reveal the following findings: pH 7.3; bicarbonate (HCO3) 27 mEq/L; carbon dioxide (CO2) 58 mm Hg. What is the interpretation of these gases? A. Respiratory acidosis B. Metabolic alkalosis C. Metabolic acidosis D. Respiratory alkalosis - correct answer A. Respiratory acidosis Water movement between the intracellular fluid (ICF) compartment and the extracellular fluid (ECF) compartment is primarily a function of what? A. Plasma oncotic pressure B. Hydrostatic forces C. Antidiuretic hormone D. Osmotic forces - correct answer D. Osmotic forces Venous obstruction is a cause of edema because of an increase in which pressure? A. Interstitial oncotic B. Capillary hydrostatic C. Capillary oncotic D. Interstitial hydrostatic - correct answer B. Capillary hydrostatic In somatic cell gene therapy, what type of vector is most commonly used to alter a specific set of an individual's somatic cells? A. Bacteria B. RNA polymerase C. Virus D. Recombinant DNA - correct answer C. Virus How is transcription best defined? A. RNA directs the synthesis of polypeptides for protein synthesis. B. RNA is synthesized from a DNA template. C. A base pair substitution results in a mutation of the amino acid sequence. D. DNA polymerase binds to the promoter site on ribonucleic acid (RNA). - correct answer B. RNA is synthesized from a DNA template. An amniocentesis indicates a neural tube defect when an increase in which protein is evident? A. Embryonic proteins B. DNA polymerase C. Cytochrome P-450 D. Alpha fetoprotein - correct answer D. Alpha fetoprotein The data reporting that sickle cell disease affects approximately 1 in 600 American blacks is an example of which concept? A. Prevalence B. Incidence C. Ratio D. Risk - correct answer A. Prevalence The ratio of the disease among the exposed population to the disease rate in an unexposed population is referred to as what type of risk. A. Contingency B. Casual C. Relative D. Attributable - correct answer C. Relative What are empirical risks for most multifactorial diseases based on? A.Chromosomal testing B. Liability thresholds C. Direct observation D. Relative risks - correct answer C. Direct observation What is the cause of familial hypercholesterolemia (FH)? A.Diet high in saturated fats B. Increased production of cholesterol by the liver C. Reduction in the number of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptors on cell surface D. Abnormal function of lipoprotein receptors circulating in the blood - correct answer C. Reduction in the number of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptors on cell surface Which risk factor for hypertension is influenced by genetic factors and lifestyle? A.Sodium intake B. Psychosocial stress C. Obesity D. Physical inactivity - correct answer C. Obesity When a woman has one first-degree relative with breast cancer, her risk of developing breast cancer is how many times greater? A. 6 B. 10 C. 3 D. 2 - correct answer D. 2 What genetic process is likely responsible for the occurrence of asthma in only one of a pair of identical twins? A. Genomic imprinting B. Epigenetic modifications C. Transgenerational inheritance D. Methylation - correct answer B. Epigenetic modifications What can a malfunction in DNA methylation lead to? A. Blindness B. Hypothyroidism C. Cancer D. Diabetes mellitus - correct answer C. Cancer Which action is a purpose of the inflammatory process? A. To lyse cell membranes of microorganisms B. To prevent infection of the injured tissue C. To provide specific responses toward antigens D. To create immunity against subsequent tissue injury - correct answer B. To prevent infection of the injured tissue Which secretion is a first line of defense against pathogen invasion that involves antibacterial and antifungal fatty acids, as well as lactic acid? A.Sweat gland perspiration B. Optic tears C. Sebaceous gland sebum D. Oral saliva - correct answer C. Sebaceous gland sebum Which bacterium grows in the intestines after prolonged antibiotic therapy? A. Candida albicans B. Helicobacter pylori C. Lactobacillus D. Clostridium difficile - correct answer D. Clostridium difficile Which primary characteristic is unique for the immune response? A. The response is innate, rather than acquired. B. The response to a specific pathogen is short term. C. The immune response is specific to the antigen that initiates it D. The immune response is similar each time it is activated. - correct answer C. The immune response is specific to the antigen that initiates it