EPPP Clinical Psychology (PrepJet)

EPPP Clinical Psychology (PrepJet) 4 steps in Psychoanalysis - 1. Confrontation: Help clients see their behaviors that have been hidden from them and their possible causes. 2. Clarification: Bring those behaviors into sharper focus by honing in on the most important details. 3. Interpretation: Directly connecting conscious behaviors to unconscious processes 4. Working through: results from repeatedly interpreting and having catharsis, leads to a gradual process where people gain new insights. Adler's Individual Psychology - We are motivated by our goals in life rather than by unconscious forces. We are also motivated by feelings of inferiority which leads to striving for superiority Style of Life (Adler) - specific ways person compensates for inferiority & to achieve superiority object constancy - the development of mental representations (introjects) of the self and objects that allow the individual to value an object for reasons other than its ability to satisfy the individual's needs. 3 Stages of Object Constancy - 1. Normal Autistic stage: happens in the first few weeks of life, infants are totally unaware of their external environment. 2. Normal Symbiotic Stage: Infants become aware of external environment but cant differentiate (separate) themselves from their caregiver 3. Separation individuation: begins at 5 months and continues until the child is 3 years old. Consists of 4 substages where object constancy gradually develops a. Differentiation b. Practicing c. Rapproachment d. Beginning of object constancy Gestalt Therapy - People are motivated by maintain homeostasis, which is disrupted by unmet needs. They seek to obtain something from the environment to meet those needs. Maladjustment results from boundary disturbances. Gestalt boundary disturbances - 1. Introjection (swallowing up): People adopt others perspectives and beliefs without questioning them. 2. Projection: People project out undesirable things onto other people 3. Retroflection: people do to themselves what they want to do to others, like cutting. 4. Deflection: People avoid contact with the environment 5. Confluence: When people blur the distinction between themselves and others. Gestalt Therapy techniques - All about gaining AWARENESS. Empty chair technique, dreamwork, or to resolved "unfinished business" with a significant person in their life. Help them distinguish between their. Help them distinguish between transference fantasy vs. reality. Existensial Therapy 4 areas of disturbance - § Death § Freedom § Isolation § Meaningless Two Types of Anxiety (existential Therapy) - 1) Normal (existential anxiety) related to legitimate objective threats. Does NOT involve repression And 2) Neurotic anxiety, disproportionate, involves repression. Neurotic anxiety keeps people from reaching their full potential Reality Therapy (Glasser)- 5 basic needs - Based on Choice theory. People have 5 basic innate needs. How they meet these needs determines if they have a success or failure identity 1. Love and belonging 2. Power 3. Fun 4. Freedom 5. Survival Wubboldings WDEP system - Strategy for getting someone to adopt a success identity. Ask about Wants and Needs See what they are Doing to foster awareness of behaviors Encourage clients to Evaluate his/her own behaviors, and Help them create a Plan of action Seligmann's PERMA model - describes the 5 essential elements of well-being (positive psychology) Positive Emotions: experiencing pleasure, hope, gratitude, love and other positive emotions Engagement: Refers to being truly engaged, characterized by Flow- total Relationships Meaning: being dedicated to a cause bigger than oneself Accomplishment-achievement Personal Construct Therapy: (Kelly) - Focuses on how people construe events and tries to change them. Personal constructs, involve bipolar dimensions of meaning like fair/unfair, friend/enemy. Developed fixed role therapy to help clients try out alternative constructs, like playing out a fictional character who doesn't suck as much as you do. 3 Stages of Interpersonal Psychotherapy - 1. Initial Stage: Determine diagnosis and interpersonal context of symptoms. For depression, problem areas are interpersonal role disputes, interpersonal role transitions, interpersonal deficits, and grief. a. During this stage, they are assigned the "sick role" -allows them to just be sick without blaming themselves. Helps them view their condition as temporary and treatable. 2. Middle Phase: Use strategies to treat the problem, like encouragement of affect, role-playing, communication analysis, and decision analysis. 3. Final Stage: Address issues related to termination and relapse prevention. 3 questions in Solution Focused Therapy - 1. Miracle Question: Helps orient client to future/goals. 2. Exception Questions: When did you not feel this way over past 2 weeks? 3. Scale questions People in the Precontemplation phase of Transtheoretical Model would benefit from? - a. 1)Consciousness raising, 2)Dramatic relief (experiencing and expressing emotions) and 3)Environmental reevaluation (examining how the environment affects their behavior) Motivation to change is determined by these 3 factors - 1. Decisional balance: their beliefs about the pros vs cons of bx change, this is most important during contemplation stage. 2. Self efficacy: refers to the confidence they have about their ability to change and avoid relapse? Important determinant if someone from contemplation to preparation and then preparation to action. 3. Temptation: intensity of urge, most strong in first few stages. 2 Types of Feedback Loops - Negative Feedback loops: resist change and help a system maintain the status quo Positive feedback loops: Amplify change and disrupt the status quo. Double Bind Communication: (Bateson) - Occurs when a person receives two contradictory messages from a family member and is not allowed to comment on the contradiction - linked to development of schizophrenia.. Symmetrical Interactions - reflect equality and occur when the behavior of one person elicits a similar type of behavior from the other. These can escalate in intensity and become a "one-upmanship game" Complementary Interactions - reflect inequality and occur when the behavior of one person complements the behavior of the other person e.g. dominant/submissive. Problems occur in families when these interactions are exclusively symmetrical or complementary Extended Family Systems Therapy, Bowen. (Differentiation) - Both intra- and interpersonal. Intra- is someones ability to distinguish between his or her own feelings and thoughts... leads to interpersonal differentiation. Someone with low differentiation becomes emotionally fused" with other family members. Extended Family Systems Therapy, Bowen. (Emotional Triangle) - When a dyad experiences tension, members recruit another to form a triangle which alleviates tension and increases stability. Probability for triangulation increases as differentiation decreases. Goal of Extended Family Systems Therapy - Increase differentiation in all members. Usually only see two members. Create a genogram initially to understand intergenerational