Microbiology Chapters 1-8 with latest updated test.

Microbiology Chapters 1-8 with latest updated test. Define the field of microbiology? - correct answers.The study of organisms and agents too small to be seeen by the unaided eye and the techniques involved Who was credited with discrediting the concept of spontaneous generation? - correct answers.Louis Paster, Lazzaro Spallanzani, Tyndall and others. Who developed the criteria for establishing a cause with a particular infectious desease? - correct answers.Koch What was Koch noted for? - correct answers.Demonstrates the role bacteria play in casing disease, anthrax caused by Bacillus anthracis, cultures bacteria on gelatin (agar) and Petri dish, discovers Mycobacterium tuberculosis What was Pasteur noted for? - correct answers.Described fermentation, disproved spontaneous generation, developed anthrax vaccine, developed rabies vaccine. What was Lister noted for? - correct answers.Publishes on antiseptic surgery What was Jenner noted for? - correct answers.Introduced vaccination for smallpox What was Tyndall noted for? - correct answers.Dealt the final blow to spontaneous generation by proving that dust carried germs and if dust was absent, both remained sterile even if directly exposed to air. What was Leeuwenhoek noted for? - correct answers.First person to observe and correctly describe exposed to air. What was Bassi noted for? - correct answers.First to show that a microoganism could cause disease. Silkwork disease caused by fungus. He discoved that the muscardine disease of silworms was caused by a living, very small, parasitic organism, a fungus that would be animal (insect), but also human diseases are caused by other living microoganisms; for example, mealses, syphillis, and the plague. Who pioneered the use of selective media and enrichment cultures? - correct answers.a) Martinus Beijerinck b) Sergei Winogradsky How do prokaryotes differ from eukaryotes? - correct answers.a) Prokaryotes are smaller and lack a true membrane delimited nucleus. b) Eukaryotes are bigger, have a membrane enclosed nucleus and are more complex. Who pioneered antiseptic surgery and what was the antiseptic? - correct answers.a) Joseph Lister b) phenol Who developed a vaccine against small pox? - correct answers.Edward Jenner Who was the first to observe and accurately describe microorganisms? - correct answers.Anthony Van Leeuwenhoek Why are organisms heat-fixed prior to staining? - correct answers.Heat fixation preserves overall morphology to observe prokarotes. What is revealed with aTransmission Electron microscope? - correct answers.Detailed 3-D view of an intracellular structure from an electron beam or radiation being passsed through a specimen. What is revealed with a Scanning Electron Microscope? - correct answers.Reveals the external surface features of microorganisms from electrons released from atoms on an objects surface. What is revealed with a Scanning Tunneling Electron Microscope? - correct answers.View of atoms on the surface of a solid. What is the realationship between the magnification of a series of microscope objectives and the working distance? - correct answers.Magnification increases as the working distance decreases. How does light react as it passes through different materials? - correct answers.Refraction occurs. The ray is bent at the interface. When light passes through flass it slows and bends toward the normal. When light leaves glass it accelerates and bends away. How does a Phase-Contrast Microscope work? - correct answers.Converts slight differences in refractive index and cell density into easily detected variations in light intensity and is a excellent way to observe living cells. How does Dark Field Microscopes work? - correct answers.Uses only refracted light to form an image and allows a viewer to see the living unstained cells glow against a black background. How does a Confocal Microscope work? - correct answers.Uses a laser beam to illuminate a specimen, usually one that has been fluorescently stained, How does a Atomic Force Microscope work? - correct answers.Moves a sharp probe over the specimen while keeping the distance between the probe tip and the surface constant. What is the purpose of using immerion oil? - correct answers.It is the only way to raise the numerical aperture above 1.00 to achieve higher resolution. What characteristic of immersion oil makes it useful? - correct answers.It has the same index as glass, reduces the loss of light, and increases refractive index. How does one determine the total magnification of a microscope? - correct answers.By using the Abb'e equation. Multiply the power of the objective lens by the eyepiece. What is fluorescence? - correct answers.Light that is emitted very quickly by the excited molecule as it give up trapped enery and retrns to a more stable state. How does a Fluorecent Micrcoscope work? - correct answers.Exposes a specimen to ultraviolet, vilet, or blue light and forms an image of the object with the resulting fluorescent light. How is negative staining used? - correct answers.A procedre in which a dye is ued to make the background dark while the specimen is unstained. What is in acid-fast organism's cell wall that make the resistant to decoloriation? - correct answers.Acid-fast organisms have cell walls with high lipid content consisting of mycolic acid. What is the 1st step of Gram Staining? - correct answers.Smear is stained with Crystal violet (primary stain) all cells stain purple. What is the 2nd step of Gram Staining? - correct answers.Treatment with Iodine (mordant). This increases interation between the cell and dye resulting in a stronger stain on cells. What is the 3rd step of Gram Staining? - correct answers.a) Washed with ethanol or acetone (decoorizer) this povides differential. Gram-positive cells remains purple; b) Gram negative cells become colorless.