Grammar verdieping
Contents
English terms for parts of speech..........................................................................................................3
Parsing and Sentence Analysis...............................................................................................................8
Numerals.............................................................................................................................................11
Module 1: Nouns and Articles..............................................................................................................13
Unit 5: demonstratives....................................................................................................................13
Module 2: Possessives, pronouns and quantifiers...............................................................................13
Unit 7: possessive adjectives and possessive pronouns...................................................................13
Unit 8: one/ones; another/the other...............................................................................................13
Unit 9: reflexive and other pronouns...............................................................................................14
Unit 10: some, any, all, most, no, none of.......................................................................................15
Unit 11: indefinite pronouns............................................................................................................15
Unit 12: much, many, a lot of, (a) little, (a) few...............................................................................16
Unit 13: both, either, neither; each, every.......................................................................................16
Module 9: Modal verbs........................................................................................................................18
Unit 46: ability and possibility (can, could, be able to)....................................................................18
Unit 47: Making a guess (1): may, might, could, must, can’t, should...............................................19
Unit 48: Making a guess (2): must, might, could, should + have......................................................19
Unit 49: Rules: must, mustn’t, have (got) to....................................................................................20
Unit 50: Necessary and unnecessary actions: need, needn’t, don’t have to/ need to.....................20
Unit 51: Advice and criticism: should, ought to, must, had better...................................................21
Unit 52: Permission: can, may, might, could, be allowed to............................................................21
Unit 53: Request and suggestions -offers, promises and warnings: can, could, would, will, shall...22
Module 11...........................................................................................................................................23
Unit 59: Word Order in statements.................................................................................................23
Unit 63: how, which/what, who and whose....................................................................................24
Module 12: verbs with -ing forms and infinitives................................................................................25
Unit 64: Verb + -ing form.................................................................................................................25
Unit 65: Verb + infinitive..................................................................................................................25
Unit 66: Verb (+object) + infinitive; make and let............................................................................26
Unit 67: Verb + infinitive or -ing form..............................................................................................27
Module 14: Relative, participle and other clauses...............................................................................28
Unit 72: Relative clauses (1).............................................................................................................28
1
, Unit 73: Relative clauses (2).............................................................................................................29
Module 16: Passive forms....................................................................................................................30
Unit 83: The Passive.........................................................................................................................30
Unit 84: Passives with modal and other verbs.................................................................................31
Unit 85: have something done.........................................................................................................32
Unit 86: Passive forms for reporting verbs......................................................................................32
2
, English terms for parts of speech
English grammar term English description of what it Example words Example sentence
does
Adjective Gives extra information about Pretty, hungry The pretty girl was hungry.
a noun /pronoun.
- Demonstrative adjective Determiner: that identifies a This, that, these, This big dog, that ugly one in the
noun or pronoun by expressing those corner
its positions.
- Possessive adjective Determiner: shows who or My, your, his, her, I am looking after her dog.
what owns the object. its, our, their, Hey, that’s my one.
whose
Adverb Modifies or describes a He ran quickly.
sentence, a verb, an adjective She left yesterday.
or another adverb.
Articles
- Definite article We use the to talk about the Yes, the café’s on the ground floor.
something particular. (there’s only one café)
- Indefinite article We use a/an when we are a/ an Is there a café there? Sandwiches
talking about things in general aren’t expensive.
Conjunction A conjunction is a word that And, or, either/or,
joins words or groups of neither/nor, but
words.
- Coordinating conjunction Join like with like; they join a But, and, or, for, Lee eats cakes and pies. Her
noun with another noun or an nor, yet, so comment was blunt but effective.
adjective with another FANBOYS
adjective.
- Subordinating We always use linking words to Although, because, We will wait here until the rain
conjunction join a subordinate clause to if, since, unless, stops.
the main clause in a sentence. until, while
- Correlative conjunction Are used in pairs to join Neither/not, not You can either take it or leave it.
alternatives or equal elements only/but also It is not only unfair but also illegal.
Determiner A word placed in front of a - Articles There were several celebrities at the
noun to specify quantity or to - Demonstratives party.
clarify what the noun refers to. - Possessive
All determiners can be - Quantifier
classified as:
Interjection The interjection is an Goodness! What a cute baby!
exclamatory word that Wow! Look at that sunset!
expresses emotion.
Noun A word that names a person, a
place, a thing, an idea.
- Common noun Is the generic name for a Man, castle,
person, place, or thing. mausoleum
- Proper noun The given name of a person, Liam, Doctor Jones,
place or thing. Taj Mahal.
Numerals Denotes numbers
- Cardinal number Counting One, two, three She’s only one.
3
, - Ordinal number About the order of things First, second, third She came in third.
Particle Grammatical particle: to To To go, to sit, to eat, to sleep
Adverb particle: prepositions Along The project was moving along at a
that combine with verbs to steady rate.
form phrasal verbs.
Discourse particle: words like Now, well
now and well that are used like
interjections.
Negative particle: not. Not
Preposition A preposition introduces a They received a postcard from
noun, pronoun, phrase or Bobby telling about his trip to
clause functioning in the Canada.
sentence as a noun. The word
or word group that the
preposition introduces is its
object.
Pronoun A word that replaces a noun. It
may stand for a person, place,
thing or idea.
- Demonstrative pronoun Expresses the noun’s position This, these, that, This is ludicrous.
as near or far. those Is that yours?
Eat these tonight.
- Indefinite pronoun Use to talk about a person, None, several, Yes. I’d like something cool, with ice.
thing or place, when we don’t many, some, any, It’s very dark – can you see
know who or what they are, or somebody, nobody anything?
it is not important.
- Interrogative pronoun Used to ask questions. Which, who, what, Who loves pies?
whom, whose You went with whom?
- Personal pronoun Short words to represent I, you, he, she, it, David’s kitten Myra looks cute, but
people or things. we, they he thinks she is evil.
- Possessive pronoun A word that replaces a noun Mine, yours, his, Are these your coffees?
and shows ownership. hers, ours, theirs
- Reflexive pronoun Use when the subject and the Myself, yourself, Have you hurt yourself?
object of a sentence are the himself, themselves
same person or thing.
- Relative pronoun Use relative pronouns to Which, who, that, Lord Thompson, who is 76, has just
introduce relative clauses. whom, whose retired.
- Reciprocal pronoun Used to express a mutual Each other, one My dog and cat love each other.
action or relationship. another
Quantifiers Use to give information about All, no, some, any, We’ve got too many pizzas for only
the number of something. more, most, a lot three people.
of, lots of, enough, We haven’t got much water.
less There aren’t many cans of cola.
Verb A word that expresses action
or otherwise helps to make a
statement.
- Auxiliary verb Auxiliary verbs are used with He is milking the cow.
other (main) verbs to show He may be milking the cow.
tense and form, and to modify He has milked the cow.
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Contents
English terms for parts of speech..........................................................................................................3
Parsing and Sentence Analysis...............................................................................................................8
Numerals.............................................................................................................................................11
Module 1: Nouns and Articles..............................................................................................................13
Unit 5: demonstratives....................................................................................................................13
Module 2: Possessives, pronouns and quantifiers...............................................................................13
Unit 7: possessive adjectives and possessive pronouns...................................................................13
Unit 8: one/ones; another/the other...............................................................................................13
Unit 9: reflexive and other pronouns...............................................................................................14
Unit 10: some, any, all, most, no, none of.......................................................................................15
Unit 11: indefinite pronouns............................................................................................................15
Unit 12: much, many, a lot of, (a) little, (a) few...............................................................................16
Unit 13: both, either, neither; each, every.......................................................................................16
Module 9: Modal verbs........................................................................................................................18
Unit 46: ability and possibility (can, could, be able to)....................................................................18
Unit 47: Making a guess (1): may, might, could, must, can’t, should...............................................19
Unit 48: Making a guess (2): must, might, could, should + have......................................................19
Unit 49: Rules: must, mustn’t, have (got) to....................................................................................20
Unit 50: Necessary and unnecessary actions: need, needn’t, don’t have to/ need to.....................20
Unit 51: Advice and criticism: should, ought to, must, had better...................................................21
Unit 52: Permission: can, may, might, could, be allowed to............................................................21
Unit 53: Request and suggestions -offers, promises and warnings: can, could, would, will, shall...22
Module 11...........................................................................................................................................23
Unit 59: Word Order in statements.................................................................................................23
Unit 63: how, which/what, who and whose....................................................................................24
Module 12: verbs with -ing forms and infinitives................................................................................25
Unit 64: Verb + -ing form.................................................................................................................25
Unit 65: Verb + infinitive..................................................................................................................25
Unit 66: Verb (+object) + infinitive; make and let............................................................................26
Unit 67: Verb + infinitive or -ing form..............................................................................................27
Module 14: Relative, participle and other clauses...............................................................................28
Unit 72: Relative clauses (1).............................................................................................................28
1
, Unit 73: Relative clauses (2).............................................................................................................29
Module 16: Passive forms....................................................................................................................30
Unit 83: The Passive.........................................................................................................................30
Unit 84: Passives with modal and other verbs.................................................................................31
Unit 85: have something done.........................................................................................................32
Unit 86: Passive forms for reporting verbs......................................................................................32
2
, English terms for parts of speech
English grammar term English description of what it Example words Example sentence
does
Adjective Gives extra information about Pretty, hungry The pretty girl was hungry.
a noun /pronoun.
- Demonstrative adjective Determiner: that identifies a This, that, these, This big dog, that ugly one in the
noun or pronoun by expressing those corner
its positions.
- Possessive adjective Determiner: shows who or My, your, his, her, I am looking after her dog.
what owns the object. its, our, their, Hey, that’s my one.
whose
Adverb Modifies or describes a He ran quickly.
sentence, a verb, an adjective She left yesterday.
or another adverb.
Articles
- Definite article We use the to talk about the Yes, the café’s on the ground floor.
something particular. (there’s only one café)
- Indefinite article We use a/an when we are a/ an Is there a café there? Sandwiches
talking about things in general aren’t expensive.
Conjunction A conjunction is a word that And, or, either/or,
joins words or groups of neither/nor, but
words.
- Coordinating conjunction Join like with like; they join a But, and, or, for, Lee eats cakes and pies. Her
noun with another noun or an nor, yet, so comment was blunt but effective.
adjective with another FANBOYS
adjective.
- Subordinating We always use linking words to Although, because, We will wait here until the rain
conjunction join a subordinate clause to if, since, unless, stops.
the main clause in a sentence. until, while
- Correlative conjunction Are used in pairs to join Neither/not, not You can either take it or leave it.
alternatives or equal elements only/but also It is not only unfair but also illegal.
Determiner A word placed in front of a - Articles There were several celebrities at the
noun to specify quantity or to - Demonstratives party.
clarify what the noun refers to. - Possessive
All determiners can be - Quantifier
classified as:
Interjection The interjection is an Goodness! What a cute baby!
exclamatory word that Wow! Look at that sunset!
expresses emotion.
Noun A word that names a person, a
place, a thing, an idea.
- Common noun Is the generic name for a Man, castle,
person, place, or thing. mausoleum
- Proper noun The given name of a person, Liam, Doctor Jones,
place or thing. Taj Mahal.
Numerals Denotes numbers
- Cardinal number Counting One, two, three She’s only one.
3
, - Ordinal number About the order of things First, second, third She came in third.
Particle Grammatical particle: to To To go, to sit, to eat, to sleep
Adverb particle: prepositions Along The project was moving along at a
that combine with verbs to steady rate.
form phrasal verbs.
Discourse particle: words like Now, well
now and well that are used like
interjections.
Negative particle: not. Not
Preposition A preposition introduces a They received a postcard from
noun, pronoun, phrase or Bobby telling about his trip to
clause functioning in the Canada.
sentence as a noun. The word
or word group that the
preposition introduces is its
object.
Pronoun A word that replaces a noun. It
may stand for a person, place,
thing or idea.
- Demonstrative pronoun Expresses the noun’s position This, these, that, This is ludicrous.
as near or far. those Is that yours?
Eat these tonight.
- Indefinite pronoun Use to talk about a person, None, several, Yes. I’d like something cool, with ice.
thing or place, when we don’t many, some, any, It’s very dark – can you see
know who or what they are, or somebody, nobody anything?
it is not important.
- Interrogative pronoun Used to ask questions. Which, who, what, Who loves pies?
whom, whose You went with whom?
- Personal pronoun Short words to represent I, you, he, she, it, David’s kitten Myra looks cute, but
people or things. we, they he thinks she is evil.
- Possessive pronoun A word that replaces a noun Mine, yours, his, Are these your coffees?
and shows ownership. hers, ours, theirs
- Reflexive pronoun Use when the subject and the Myself, yourself, Have you hurt yourself?
object of a sentence are the himself, themselves
same person or thing.
- Relative pronoun Use relative pronouns to Which, who, that, Lord Thompson, who is 76, has just
introduce relative clauses. whom, whose retired.
- Reciprocal pronoun Used to express a mutual Each other, one My dog and cat love each other.
action or relationship. another
Quantifiers Use to give information about All, no, some, any, We’ve got too many pizzas for only
the number of something. more, most, a lot three people.
of, lots of, enough, We haven’t got much water.
less There aren’t many cans of cola.
Verb A word that expresses action
or otherwise helps to make a
statement.
- Auxiliary verb Auxiliary verbs are used with He is milking the cow.
other (main) verbs to show He may be milking the cow.
tense and form, and to modify He has milked the cow.
4
