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Samenvatting cardiologie

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Samenvatting van het deel cardiologie (problemen van hart en bloedvaten), gegeven door Prof Dr. M. De Pauw

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Cardiologie
H1: anamnese + klinisch onderzoek
NYHA classificatie
I

- Geen beperking, geen hinder in dagelijks leven
II

- Milde beperkingen inspanningscapaciteit
- Geen hinder in rust
- Moeheid, dyspnoe, hartkloppingen bij inspanning
III

- Sterke beperkingen inspanningscapaciteit
- Klachten bij geringe inspanning
IV

- Klachten in rust en toename bij minste inspanning
Klinisch onderzoek
Ademhaling

Normal: 12-18/min
Tachypneu: >20/min
- Hypoxie, longoedeem
Bradypneu: <8/min
Verlengd expirium
- COPD, asthma cardiale
Cheyne-Stokes ah
Obstructive/central sleep apneu (OSAS/CSAS)
Hartf requenti e

Pols
- Regelm: (aantal slagen/15s) x4
- Onregelm: aantal slagen/60s
Polsdeficiet
- Aantal slagen bij auscultatie > pols
- Voorkamerfibrilatie, bigeminie
BD meti ng

Miscuffing
- Undercuffing: overschatting
- Overcuffing: onderschatting


1

,V. jugularis inspecti e

- Inschatten centraal veneuze druk




Inspecti e huid/extremiteiten

Cyanose
- Centraal
o Mucosa
o RL shunt, hypoxie
- Perifeer
o Lage cardiac output
Lipidenneerslag
- Xanthelesmata
- Xanthoma
- Arcus senilis (! <50j)
Extremiteiten
- Perifeer arterieel vaatlijden
- Raynaudfenomeen
- Trommeltokvingers
o RL shunt, lagere saturatie
- Janeway letsels
o Endocarditis
- Blue toe syndrome
Arteriële pulsati es/oedeem

- Pitting, lymfoedeem
- Atrophie blanche, varices, ulcus cruris
Arteriële pols
- Perifeer
o A. radialis, carotis, femoralis, poplitea, tib post, dors pedis
- Vinnige, zwakke, pulsus biferiens, pulsus alternans, bigeminie, pulsus paradoxus
Enkel-arm index
- Ernst atheromatose
- Norm: >0,9


2

, - Ernstig: <0,5 (critical leg ischemia)
o Rustpijn >2w + EAI <0,5
o Ulceratie/gangreen voet + EAI <0,5
Ictus cordis

- 4e/5e ICR links
Amplitude
- Toename: LVH, magere pers, hyperthyreose, anemie, koorts
- Afname: obesitas, emfyseem, hartfalen, borstweefsel
Verplaatsing
- Naar onder: LVH
- Naar lateraal: LV dilatatie
- Naar parasternaal links: RVH
Hartauscultati e

- S1: systole
o Sluiten atrioventriculaire kleppen
- S2: diastole
o Sluiten ao en pulmonalis klep
e
- 3 toon
o Snelle vulling ventrikel
o Hartfalen, verhoogde vullingsdrukken
o Gallop




Longauscultati e

Abdomen

Cardiale onderzoekstechnieken
ECG

- Vectorsom depolarisatie en repolarisatie potentialen van alle myocardcellen
- Potentiaalverschillen van 1 mV
- P-QRS-T
- Frontaal vlak: I,II,III (aVR, aVL, aVF)
- Horizontaal vlak: V1,V2,V3,V4,V5,V6

3

, - 24u: Holter
o Langdurig Holter: 3-7d
HRV: heart rate variability

SAECG: signal averaged ECG

- Oppikken late potentialen
TWA: T-waves alternans

Inspanningsproef

= gecontroleerde inspanning op fiets/loopband met opvolging van pols, BD, ECG
- Inschatten inspanningscapaciteit
- Detectie ischemie door verhogen zuurstofverbruik
- Detectie ritmestoornis
Nucleaire beeldvorming

- Gamma camera/SPECT
- Stress: inspanning/dobutamine/adenosine
- Isotoop: Thallium-201/Tetrofosmin/Sestamibi
- Detectie myocardperfusie (ischemie) en viabiliteit
- Detectie infarct
- Bepaling ejectiefractie
Tilt-testi ng

- Neurocardiogene syncope
- BD en pols in rust
- Monitoring BD en pols bij tilting 60°
- Detectie bradycardie en hypotensie
- Lage sens en spec
Echocardiografi e

- Morfologische en functionele beeldvorming vh hart
- EDD: begin QRS
o sluiten M-klep
o grootste dimensie LV
- wet van Bernoullie: ΔP = 4V2
o relatie tuss versnelling bloed en drukverschil thv vernauwing
- continuïteitsvergelijking
o shunt: Qp/Qs
o stenose: klepopp
o klepinsuff: regurgitatievolume
- transoesofageaal
- dobutamine stress
o medicamenteus, inotroop, chronotroop => detectie ischemie, viabiliteit
- ligfiets
o detectie ischemie
- contrast

4

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Written in
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