NR 325 EXAM PREP
VERIFIED
Adult Health
COMPLETED
2024
,1. What are the common risk factors and symptoms of coronary artery disease (CAD)?
How would you assess and manage a patient with suspected or confirmed CAD?
- Risk factors: age, gender, family history, smoking, hypertension, dyslipidemia, diabetes,
obesity, sedentary lifestyle, stress.
- Symptoms: chest pain or discomfort (angina), shortness of breath, fatigue, palpitations,
dizziness, nausea, sweating.
- Assessment: history, physical examination, electrocardiogram (ECG), cardiac
biomarkers, chest X-ray, echocardiogram, stress test, coronary angiography.
- Management: lifestyle modifications, medications (e.g., antiplatelets, nitrates, beta-
blockers, calcium channel blockers, statins), revascularization procedures (e.g.,
percutaneous coronary intervention, coronary artery bypass grafting), cardiac
rehabilitation.
2. What are the types and causes of anemia? How would you diagnose and treat a
patient with anemia?
- Types: normocytic (normal size and shape of red blood cells), microcytic (smaller than
normal red blood cells), macrocytic (larger than normal red blood cells).
- Causes: normocytic anemia can be caused by blood loss, hemolysis, or bone marrow
failure; microcytic anemia can be caused by iron deficiency, thalassemia, or lead
poisoning; macrocytic anemia can be caused by vitamin B12 or folate deficiency, liver
disease, or alcoholism.
- Diagnosis: complete blood count (CBC), peripheral blood smear, reticulocyte count,
serum iron, ferritin, transferrin saturation, total iron-binding capacity (TIBC), vitamin B12
and folate levels, hemoglobin electrophoresis.
- Treatment: depends on the type and cause of anemia; may include iron supplements,
vitamin B12 or folate injections or tablets, erythropoietin injections, blood transfusions,
bone marrow transplantation.
3. What are the stages and complications of chronic kidney disease (CKD)? How would
you monitor and manage a patient with CKD?
- Stages: based on the glomerular filtration rate (GFR), which measures how well the
kidneys filter waste from the blood; stage 1 (GFR > 90 mL/min), stage 2 (GFR 60-89
mL/min), stage 3 (GFR 30-59 mL/min), stage 4 (GFR 15-29 mL/min), stage 5 (GFR < 15
mL/min or dialysis).
, - Complications: hypertension, cardiovascular disease, anemia, mineral and bone
disorders, metabolic acidosis, electrolyte imbalances, edema, uremia.
- Monitoring: serum creatinine, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), urine protein or albumin-to-
creatinine ratio (ACR), urine output, blood pressure, weight, edema status.
- Management: control of blood pressure and blood glucose levels; dietary modifications
(e.g., low protein,
low sodium,
low potassium,
low phosphorus); fluid restriction; medications (e.g., angiotensin-converting enzyme
inhibitors [ACEIs], angiotensin II receptor blockers [ARBs], diuretics,
phosphate binders,
calcium supplements,
vitamin D analogs,
erythropoietin); dialysis or kidney transplantation.
4. What are the types and causes of urinary incontinence? How would you assess and
manage a patient with urinary incontinence?
- Types: stress (leakage of urine due to increased abdominal pressure), urge (leakage of
urine due to involuntary bladder contractions), overflow (leakage of urine due to
incomplete bladder emptying), functional (leakage of urine due to physical or cognitive
impairment), mixed (combination of two or more types).
- Causes: stress incontinence can be caused by weakened pelvic floor muscles due to
pregnancy,
childbirth,
menopause,
obesity,
or surgery; urge incontinence can be caused by overactive bladder syndrome,
neurological disorders,
infections,
or irritants; overflow incontinence can be caused by bladder outlet obstruction,
nerve damage,
or medications; functional incontinence can be caused by mobility problems,
dementia,
depression,
or environmental barriers; mixed incontinence can be caused by multiple factors.
- Assessment: history,
physical examination,
VERIFIED
Adult Health
COMPLETED
2024
,1. What are the common risk factors and symptoms of coronary artery disease (CAD)?
How would you assess and manage a patient with suspected or confirmed CAD?
- Risk factors: age, gender, family history, smoking, hypertension, dyslipidemia, diabetes,
obesity, sedentary lifestyle, stress.
- Symptoms: chest pain or discomfort (angina), shortness of breath, fatigue, palpitations,
dizziness, nausea, sweating.
- Assessment: history, physical examination, electrocardiogram (ECG), cardiac
biomarkers, chest X-ray, echocardiogram, stress test, coronary angiography.
- Management: lifestyle modifications, medications (e.g., antiplatelets, nitrates, beta-
blockers, calcium channel blockers, statins), revascularization procedures (e.g.,
percutaneous coronary intervention, coronary artery bypass grafting), cardiac
rehabilitation.
2. What are the types and causes of anemia? How would you diagnose and treat a
patient with anemia?
- Types: normocytic (normal size and shape of red blood cells), microcytic (smaller than
normal red blood cells), macrocytic (larger than normal red blood cells).
- Causes: normocytic anemia can be caused by blood loss, hemolysis, or bone marrow
failure; microcytic anemia can be caused by iron deficiency, thalassemia, or lead
poisoning; macrocytic anemia can be caused by vitamin B12 or folate deficiency, liver
disease, or alcoholism.
- Diagnosis: complete blood count (CBC), peripheral blood smear, reticulocyte count,
serum iron, ferritin, transferrin saturation, total iron-binding capacity (TIBC), vitamin B12
and folate levels, hemoglobin electrophoresis.
- Treatment: depends on the type and cause of anemia; may include iron supplements,
vitamin B12 or folate injections or tablets, erythropoietin injections, blood transfusions,
bone marrow transplantation.
3. What are the stages and complications of chronic kidney disease (CKD)? How would
you monitor and manage a patient with CKD?
- Stages: based on the glomerular filtration rate (GFR), which measures how well the
kidneys filter waste from the blood; stage 1 (GFR > 90 mL/min), stage 2 (GFR 60-89
mL/min), stage 3 (GFR 30-59 mL/min), stage 4 (GFR 15-29 mL/min), stage 5 (GFR < 15
mL/min or dialysis).
, - Complications: hypertension, cardiovascular disease, anemia, mineral and bone
disorders, metabolic acidosis, electrolyte imbalances, edema, uremia.
- Monitoring: serum creatinine, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), urine protein or albumin-to-
creatinine ratio (ACR), urine output, blood pressure, weight, edema status.
- Management: control of blood pressure and blood glucose levels; dietary modifications
(e.g., low protein,
low sodium,
low potassium,
low phosphorus); fluid restriction; medications (e.g., angiotensin-converting enzyme
inhibitors [ACEIs], angiotensin II receptor blockers [ARBs], diuretics,
phosphate binders,
calcium supplements,
vitamin D analogs,
erythropoietin); dialysis or kidney transplantation.
4. What are the types and causes of urinary incontinence? How would you assess and
manage a patient with urinary incontinence?
- Types: stress (leakage of urine due to increased abdominal pressure), urge (leakage of
urine due to involuntary bladder contractions), overflow (leakage of urine due to
incomplete bladder emptying), functional (leakage of urine due to physical or cognitive
impairment), mixed (combination of two or more types).
- Causes: stress incontinence can be caused by weakened pelvic floor muscles due to
pregnancy,
childbirth,
menopause,
obesity,
or surgery; urge incontinence can be caused by overactive bladder syndrome,
neurological disorders,
infections,
or irritants; overflow incontinence can be caused by bladder outlet obstruction,
nerve damage,
or medications; functional incontinence can be caused by mobility problems,
dementia,
depression,
or environmental barriers; mixed incontinence can be caused by multiple factors.
- Assessment: history,
physical examination,
