NC Infection Control questions and answers 100% verified.

NC Infection Control questions and answers 100% verified. CDC - correct answers. Pathogenic microorganisms are transmitted in the dental setting through: - correct answers.1) direct contact with blood, oral fluids, or other patient materials; 2) indirect contact with contaminated objects (e.g., instruments, equipment, or environmental surfaces); 3) contact of conjunctival, nasal, or oral mucosa with droplets (e.g., spatter) containing microorganisms generated from an infected person and propelled a short distance (e.g., by coughing, sneezing, or talking); and 4) inhalation of airborne microorganisms that can remain suspended in the air for long periods. Infection through any of these routes requires that all of the following conditions be present: - correct answers.1. a pathogenic organism of sufficient virulence and in adequate numbers to cause disease; 2. a reservoir or source that allows the pathogen to survive and multiply (e.g., blood); 3. a mode of transmission from the source to the host; 4. a portal of entry through which the pathogen can enter the host; and 5. a susceptible host (i.e., one who is not immune). Preventive practices used to reduce blood exposures, particularly percutaneous exposures, include: - correct answers.1) careful handling of sharp instruments, 2) use of rubber dams to minimize blood spattering; 3) handwashing; and 4) use of protective barriers (e.g., gloves, masks, protective eyewear, and gowns). Standard precautions apply to contact with - correct answers.1) blood; 2) all body fluids, secretions, and excretions (except sweat), regardless of whether they contain blood; 3) nonintact skin; and 4) mucous membranes. Saliva has always been considered a potentially infectious material in dental infection control; thus, no operational difference exists in clinical dental practice between universal precautions and standard precautions. to prevent potential spread of certain diseases (e.g., TB, influenza, and varicella) that are transmitted through airborne, droplet, or contact transmission - correct tions include: patient placement (e.g., isolation), adequate room ventilation, respiratory protection (e.g., N-95 masks) for DHCP, or postponement of nonemergency dental procedures. primary strategy for protecting against bloodborne pathogens: - correct eering controls that eliminate or isolate the hazard (e.g., puncture-resistant sharps containers or needle-retraction devices) Where engineering controls are not available or appropriate, work-practice controls that result in safer behaviors (e.g., one-hand needle recapping or not using fingers for cheek retraction while using sharp instruments or suturing), and use of personal protective equipment (PPE) (e.g., protective eyewear, gloves, and mask) can prevent exposure The effectiveness of the infection-control program should be evaluated on a - correct -to-day basis and over time to help ensure that policies, procedures, and practices are useful, efficient, and successful Alcohol-based hand rub: - correct answers.An alcohol-containing preparation designed for reducing the number of viable microorganisms on the hands Antimicrobial soap - correct answers.A detergent containing an antiseptic agent Antiseptic - correct answers.A germicide used on skin or living tissue for the purpose of inhibiting or destroying microorganisms (e.g., alcohols, chlorhexidine, chlorine, hexachlorophene, iodine, chloroxylenol [PCMX], quaternary ammonium compounds, and triclosan). Bead sterilizer - correct answers.A device using glass beads 1.2--1.5 mm diameter and temperatures 217ºC--232ºC for brief exposures (e.g., 45 seconds) to inactivate microorganisms. (This term is actually a misnomer because it has not been cleared by the Food and Drug Administration [FDA] as a sterilizer). Bioburden: - correct answers.Microbiological load (i.e., number of viable organisms in or on an object or surface) or organic material on a surface or object before decontamination, or sterilization. Also known as bioload or microbial load. Colony-forming unit (CFU): - correct answers.The minimum number (i.e., tens of millions) of separable cells on the surface of or in semisolid agar medium that give rise to a visible colony of progeny. CFUs can consist of pairs, chains, clusters, or as single cells and are often expressed as colony-forming units per milliliter (CFUs/mL) Decontamination: - correct answers.Use of physical or chemical means to remove, inactivate, or destroy pathogens on a surface or item so that they are no longer capable of transmitting infectious particles and the surface or item is rendered safe for handling, use, or disposal. Dental treatment water: - correct answers.Nonsterile water used during dental treatment, including irrigation of nonsurgical operative sites and cooling of high-speed rotary and ultrasonic instruments. Disinfectant: - correct answers.A chemical agent used on inanimate objects (e.g., floors, walls, or sinks) to destroy virtually all recognized pathogenic microorganisms, but not necessarily all microbial forms (e.g., bacterial endospores). The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) groups disinfectants on the basis of whether the product label claims limited, general, or hospital disinfectant capabilities. Disinfection: - correct answers.Destruction of pathogenic and other kinds of microorganisms by physical or chemical means. Disinfection is less lethal than sterilization, because it destroys the majority of recognized pathogenic microorganisms, but not necessarily all microbial forms (e.g., bacterial spores). Disinfection does not ensure the degree of safety associated with sterilization processes. Droplet nuclei: - correct answers.Particles 5 µm in diameter formed by dehydration of airborne droplets containing microorganisms that can remain suspended in the air for long periods of time. Droplets: - correct answers.Small particles of moisture (e.g., spatter) generated when a person coughs or sneezes, or when water is converted to a fine mist by an aerator or shower head. These particles, intermediate in size between drops and droplet nuclei, can contain infectious microorganisms and tend to quickly settle from the air such that risk of disease transmission is usually limited to persons in close proximity to the droplet source. Endotoxin: - correct answers.The lipopolysaccharide of gram-negative bacteria, the toxic character of which resides in the lipid protein. Endotoxins can produce pyrogenic reactions in persons exposed to their bacterial component.